Computer Network 1: HCM City University of Technology

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HCM City University of Technology

Department of Computer Science and


Engineering

Computer Network 1

Advanced Principal Concepts


Samples and Techniques
Foundation Summary
Question and Answer 1
HCM City University of Technology
Department of Computer Science and
Engineering

Chapter 10:
Application Layer
Reference:
Chapter 7 - “Computer Networks”, Andrew S. Tanenbaum, 4th Edition,
Prentice Hall, 2003.

Advanced Principal Concepts


Samples and Techniques
Foundation Summary
Question and Answer 2
Outline
 Application Layer
 There is a need for support protocols, to allow
the applications to function
 Some network applications
 DNS: handles naming within the Internet
 POP – IMAP – SMTP: handle electronic mail
 FTP: File Transfer over the Internet
 WWW – HTTP: Web world
 Multimedia 3
HCM City University of Technology
Department of Computer Science and
Engineering

Part 1:
DNS and Email
Reference:
Chapter 7 - “Computer Networks”, Andrew S. Tanenbaum, 4th Edition,
Prentice Hall, 2003.

Advanced Principal Concepts


Samples and Techniques
Foundation Summary
Question and Answer 4
Outline
 Where our applications are running?
 Using services provided by layers below
that provide reliable transport
 We will look at:
 Domain Name System
 Email

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Domain Name System - DNS
 IP addresses can be used to identify a host
machine on the Internet
 As those machines move around, the
addresses need to be changed accordingly as
well
 ASCII names have been used to decouple
host names and their IPs to provide more
flexibility
 The network itself still understands only
numerical addresses 6
DNS: Characteristics
 A file host.txt listed all the hosts and their
IP addresses, but issue some problems:
 File size, load and latency
 Host name conflict
 Essence of DNS:
 Hierarchical
 Domain-based naming scheme
 A distributed database system
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DNS: A Brief
 To map a name onto an IP address, an
application program:
 Calls a library procedure called the resolver, passing
it the name as a parameter
 The resolver sends a UDP packet to a local DNS
server
 DNS server looks up the name and returns the IP
address to the resolver
 Resolver returns it to the application
 Armed with the IP address, the program can then
establish a TCP connection with the destination or 8
DNS Name Space
 A portion of the Internet domain name
space

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DNS naming
 Domain names are case insensitive: edu,
Edu, EDU have the same meaning
 Component name can be up to 63 characters
Full path names must not exceed 255
characters
Each domain name server manages its own
name space. It can create subdomain names
without asking for permission from upper
server. Examples: hcmut.edu.vn and
cse.hcmut.edu.vn 10
Resource Records

• Every domain has a set of records associated with it


• The principal DNS resource records types.

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Resource Records (2)

A portion of a possible DNS database for cs.vu.nl.


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Resource Records (3)
hcmut.edu.vn. IN SOA hcmut-server.hcmut.edu.vn. webmaster.hcmut.edu.vn. (
2004110800; serial
7200; refresh
3600; retry
604800; expire
86400 ); minimum
hcmut.edu.vn. 86400 IN NS vnuserv.vnuhcm.edu.vn.
hcmut.edu.vn. 86400 IN NS server.vnuhcm.edu.vn.
hcmut.edu.vn. 86400 IN MX 0 webmailserv.hcmut.edu.vn.
hcmut.edu.vn. 86400 IN MX 5 vnuserv.vnuhcm.edu.vn.
hcmut-server.hcmut.edu.vn. 86400 IN A 172.28.2.2
stu-mailserv.hcmut.edu.vn. 86400 IN A 172.28.2.3
webmailserv.hcmut.edu.vn. 86400 IN A 172.28.2.4
pop3.student.hcmut.edu.vn. 86400 IN CNAME stu-mailserv.hcmut.edu.vn.
www.student.hcmut.edu.vn 86400 IN CNAME stu-mailserv.hcmut.edu.vn.

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Name Servers
• DNS Name Space is divided into non-overlapping zones
• Each zone has Name Servers holding information about it

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DNS - Queryroot name server
iterated query
• recursive query 2
3
– puts burden of name 4
resolution on contacted
name server. 7
– heavy load ? local name server intermediate name server
dns.eurecom.fr dns.umass.edu
• iterated query 1
5 6
8
– contacted server
replies with name of authoritative name server
server to contact. dns.cs.umass.edu
requesting host
– “I don’t know this surf.eurecom.fr
name, but ask this
gaia.cs.umass.edu
server”
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Electronic Mail – Email (or E-
mail)
 Has been around since the early days of
Internet
 Is widely used today

 Informal form of communication

 Simple and easy to use

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Electronic Mail (2)

Some smileys :-).

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Architecture and Services
Basic email functions
• Composition
• Transfer
• Reporting
• Displaying
• Disposition

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Some email terms
mailbox – storage where incoming emails are
saved for later processing
mailing list – a representative email address of
a group of people. Email sent to this address
will be forwarded to all of its participants
CC, BCC ...

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Email Message Structure

Envelopes and messages. (a) Paper mail. (b) Electronic mail. 20


Email Systems

 Has two basic parts:


 User agent: a program that accepts a variety of
commands for composing, receiving, and replying to
messages, as well as for manipulating mailboxes
 Message transfer agents: relaying messages from the

originator to the recipient

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Reading E-mail
Address format: user@dns-address
An example display of the contents of a
mailbox.

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Message Formats

RFC 822 header fields related to message


transport.

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Message Formats (2)

Some fields used in the RFC 822 message


header.

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MIME – Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions
• Some problems when using ASCII formatted messages:
• Languages with accents
(French, German).
• Languages in non-Latin alphabets
(Hebrew, Russian).
• Languages without alphabets
(Chinese, Japanese).
• Messages not containing text at all
(audio or images).
• MINE adds structure to the message body and defines encoding rules
for non-ASCII messages

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MIME (2)

RFC 822 headers added by MIME.

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MIME (3)

The MIME types and subtypes defined in RFC 2045.

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multipart/mixed

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multipart/alternative

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multipart/digest

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Message Transfer

 Message transfer agents are daemons running


on mail servers
 Use Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

 Use TCP on port 25

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Message Transfer (2)

Transferring a message from


elinore@abc.com to
carolyn@xyz.com
Using SMTP.

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Final Delivery

(a) Sending and reading mail when the receiver has a permanent
Internet connection and the user agent runs on the same machine as
the message transfer agent. (b) Reading e-mail when the receiver has
a dial-up connection to an ISP. 33
POP3

• Post Office Protocol


Version 3
• Use TCP on port 110
• Is used to download
messages from a mail
server to client computers
• Example: Using POP3 to
fetch three messages.

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IMAP (Internet Message Access
Protocol)
• POP3 is not convenient when
users frequently use different
machines to read email from
servers, as emails have to be
downloaded to different
computers more or less random
• IMAP can resolve this issues as
emails will be always on the
servers
• A comparison of POP3 and
IMAP.

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Web Mail
HTTP SMTP HTTP user
user
agent
agent
ordinary
ordinary
sender’s mail receiver’s mail Web browser
Web browser
server server

• Convenient for the user on the go (Internet Café, WebTV,


…)
• User can organize their hierarchy of folders on servers
• May be slow:
– server typically far from client
– interaction with server through CGI scripts

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