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SCOPE
 Job Hazard Analysis
 Hazard Identification
 Risk Assessment
 Risk Control
 The Permit System

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 Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)
 JHA is a tool to carefully study each job or task,
and come out with a Safe Operating Procedure
 In JHA, HIRARC is carried out for all the steps of
the task identified; here, all possible hazards
related to every step of the task is identified, and
then adequately controlled.
 A PTW should only be issued after JHA has been
carried out

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 JHA
Identify Task Scope
State Objectives

Process
Break Down Task into Basic
Steps

For EACH STEP, do a HIRARC

Define Control and

Identify Hazards Assess The Risk
Recovery

Endorse & Record

Review
Implement the JSI Job Safety Practice (JSP)/
Job Severity Index (JSI)

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 Hazard Identification
Identify hazards associate with working in
confined space
Physical hazard
 e.g. noise, high/low temperature radiation
Chemical hazard
 e.g. oxygen deficiency, excessive oxygen, presence
of contaminants
Psychological hazard
 e.g. claustrophobia

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 Risk Assessment
Conduct risk assessment before carry out
work involving entry into a confined space
Risk assessment method may be in
accordance to Guidelines for Hazard
Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk
Control (HIRARC) or other relevant method
Risk assessment conducted by an assessor
if chemical hazardous to health is used in
the confined space
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 Content of risk assessment
Nature of the confined space
Hazard identified
Actual method and plan proposed
Emergency and rescue procedures

 Appendix A - Example of risk assessment

 Appendix B – Sample of risk assessment
form
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 Sample of Risk Assessment
The work to be undertaken
The range of possible work methods which
could be used
The hazards present
Details of the actual method to be used for
the particular work
Procedures for emergency and rescue

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 Risk Control
Employer to establish and implement
procedures and practices of hazard control
that provide safe entry into the confined
space based on risk assessment conducted
 specify acceptable entry conditions
 isolate the confined space
 purging, inerting, flushing or ventilating the
confined space
 verifying acceptable condition throughout the
duration of entry
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 GENERALIZED CONTROL : CHEMICALS
CONTROL AT CONTROL AT CONTROL AT

AVOID REDUCE ACCEPT

THE THE RISK
RISK

• Substitution • Housekeeping
• Modify process • General /dilution
• Enclosure ventilation • Training and
• Local exhaust • Continuous area education
• Fugitive emission monitoring • Worker rotation
control • Increase distance • Enclosure of worker
• Isolation • Install barrier • Personal monitoring
• Adequate • Automation or • Personal protective
Maintenance remote control devices

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 OSHA : § 15(2)(a)
E : SAFE OPERATING PROCEDURES

 Must be tested and

proven ….
 Must be made in
writing ….
 Must be made
known to persons
involved ….
 Must be revised
from time to time ….

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Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) Worksheet

Job Title :
Revision Number :
Date Created :
Owner :
Author :
Job Safety Analysis Members :
Contractor :

No Description of Potential hazard Who or what might Control Action party

Job step / risk be harmed measures

Note : Complete the Job Steps first, before moving on

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SAMPLE OF A JHA
JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS DATE :_______________________

JOB DESCRIPTION : _________________________________________________________________________

WORK ORDER : _________________________________________________________________________
BASIC JOB STEP POTENTIAL HAZARDS CONTROLS AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
1. Verify location and check area of work to 1.1 Wrong location of work to be done 1.1.1 Site visit with operation and contractor

be done. 1.1.2 Tag location by Contractor and Operation

2. Permit to work 2.1 Misunderstanding on work description and 2.1.1 Proper coordination between contractor and operation

welding on wrong item. 2.1.2 Verification of work scope between contractor and
operation

2.1.3 To check and ensure OX, TOX, LEL

2.2 Working without permit. 2.2.1 To Display PTW and JSA

3. Confined Space Entry 3.1 Entry without permit / Stanby Person 3.1.1 To display PTW and JSA

3.2 Oxygen deficiency 3.2.1 OX, TOX, LEL check continously

3.2.2 Sufficient ventilation required & wear proper PPE

SAFETY EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR THE JOB

Safety Helmet? Safety Shoes ? Work Vest ? Safety Harness ? Respirator ?

Google ? Safety Glasses ? Barricade ? Fire Extinguisher ? Chemical Gloves ?

Face Shield? Lock-Out/Tag-Out? Ear Muff / Ear Plug ? Ladder ?

Bump Cap ? Plastic Boot ? Safety Signages ? Gas Detector ?

JSA Leader : _________________________ JSA Team : 1.____________________ 2. _____________________

Approved by : ________________________ 3.____________________ 4. ______________________

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 Permit System
Employer’s written procedures for preparing and
issuing permits for entry and for returning the
confined space to service following termination of
entry
Permit to work (PTW)
 Permission to carry out job/task in the confined space
Determines :
 How the job can be done safely
 What precautions have to be taken and what foreseeable
risks have to be avoided,
 Responsible person and
 Who authorizes the job
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 Requirements
 Employer shall develop a written system for
preparation, issuance, implementation and
cancellation of permit to work
 Before entry is authorised, the employer
shall document the completion of measures
on risk control that provide safe entry into the
confined space

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 Definition
 Permit issuer (PI)
 A person who is trained as an entry supervisor
and an authorized by employer to issue a PTW
 Authorised entrant (AE)
 An employee who is appointed by the employer
to enter confined space and has attended a
training course on safe working in confined
space for authorise entrant and stand by
person and passed the test or examination
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 PERSONNEL INVOLVED
A. Permit Applicant (PA) :
 Contractor Work Supervisor, Work Leader
B. Permit Issuer (PI) / Entry Supervisor (ES) :
 Company Safety Supervisor
C. Approving Authority (AA) :
 Area Manager, Approves the permit
 Permit Issuer and Approving Authority may or may
not be different persons
D. Authorized Gas Tester (AGT) :
 Confirms safe atmosphere for entry
 Entry Supervisor is also a qualified AGT, but
 ES cannot be AGT for the same PTW

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 OTHER PERSONNELS
E. Authorized Entrants (AE) :
 Workers trained and authorized for confined space entry
F. Standby Person (SP) :
 Required by Law to watch over safety of AEs
G. Fire Watcher (FW) :
 Ensures Fire Safety during Hot Work in confined space
 SP can also be FW for small confined spaces
H. Emergency Response Team (ERT) :
 On standby during Confined Space entry
 Communicates with the Standby Person

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 Permit to work (PTW)
Before entry begin, Permit Issuer (PI) shall
issue the PTW to authorise entry
 PI shall NOT be the same person to supervise
the work
Entry Supervisor (ES) shall accept the permit
condition by signing the PTW and
subsequently organised the entry activity

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 Permit to work (PTW)
 Completed PTW shall be made available at all
time of entry to all Authorised Entrants (AE),
by posting it at the entry portal
 Duration of the PTW shall be stated
 Not exceeding the time required to complete the
assigned task/job or 8 hrs, which ever is shorter
 PTW may be extended by Entry Supervisor
(ES) only once for a maximum 4 hrs, provided
all terms and condition remain the same

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 Information in the PTW
 The confined space to be entered
 Purpose of entry
 Date and authorised duration of the PTW
 Name of the Authorised Entrants (AEs)
 Signature of the Permit Issuer (PI)
 Entry Supervisor (ES)
 Hazards of the confined space to be entered
 Measures used to isolate/eliminate or control the
confined space hazard before entry

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 Information in the PTW (cont…)
 Acceptable entry conditions
 Results of initial and periodic atmospheric test performed
and accompanied by the name of Authorized Gas Tester
(AGT) and an indication of type of test performed
 Communication procedures used by Authorised Entrants (AE)
and Standby Person (SP) to maintain contact during entry
 any other information which is necessary to ensure
entrant’s safety
 Stand-by personnel and rescue arrangements
 Any additional permits issued to authorise work in confined
space, e.g. permits for hot work
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 PERMIT SYSTEM SEQUENCE

ISOLATIONS MADE / PRECAUTIONS TAKEN Various

certificates
REQUEST FOR ISSUE OF PTW PA
THE PERMIT ISSUER CHECKS ALL PRECAUTIONS
PI
THE PERMIT ISSUER SIGNS

(AN AUTHORISED PERSON SIGNS)

PI  PA
THE PERMIT IS ISSUED; WORK BEGINS

SUSPENSION, TERMINATION OF WORK

THE PERMIT ISSUER CONFIRMS WORK, CANCELS PERMIT PI

ISOLATIONS REMOVED, NORMAL ACTIVITY RESUMES
Note:
PA = Permit Applicant
PI = Permit Issuer

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 Responsibilities of Permit Signatories
 Approving Authority (AA) is responsible for the overall
issuance of the PTW :
 No overlapping of PTWs
 No incompatible works adjacent to the PTW area
 Proper cancellation of PTWs

 Permit Issuer (PI)/Entry Supervisor (ES) is responsible for

making sure the place of work and the working environment
is safe. He confirms :
 Isolation of power, pipings, etc
 Gas testing of the area, continuous ventilation
 Certificates Certified
 Emergency preparedness

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 Responsibilities of Permit Signatories
 Permit Applicant (PA) is responsible for safety of the
workers,
 Selection of workers
 Safe system of work
 Proper tools and equipment
 Working within constraints of PTW

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 Entry supervisor (ES)
 terminate entry and cancel the PTW when a
condition that is not allowed under the PTW
arises in or near the confined space
 note any problem encountered during an entry
operation so that appropriate revision to the
confined space entry programme can be made
 Close PTW after all works are completed

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 Individuals Working with PTW
Individuals working within PTW system should ensure that :
 They have received instructions and have a good understanding
of the PTW at the installation
 They do not start any work requiring PTW until it has been
authorized and issued
 They have been briefed by the supervisor on the particular task,
and understand the hazards and precautions
 They follow the instructions specified in the permit
 When they stop work, the site and equipment are left in a safe
condition
 If in doubt or circumstances change, stop work and consult the
supervisor

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 TYPES OF CERTIFICATE
GAS TEST CERTIFICATE
 Issued when an Authorised Gas Tester
(AGT) checks the atmosphere in a work-site
for safe levels of combustible and toxic
gases as well as oxygen
 This certificate is mandatory for
 any confined space entry, and
 spark or heat generating activity in areas where
flammable gases may be present

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29
 GAS TEST CERTIFICATE

Date Time Oxygen HC H 2S CO < Test by

(20 – 21) < 5% LEL < 5 ppm 15 ppm

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 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF PTW
Gas Testing
 To ensure that the atmosphere is free from
explosive or toxic gases and that the air
(oxygen level) is normal, a gas test may be
required :
 Prior to the start of work,
 Continuously whilst the work is being
carried out (if required by PTW), and
 Prior to every re-entry

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RECOGNITION AND TRAINING
 Before a person can fill in a permit, he needs to be trained in
the PTW system and authorized by his management 
Recognized Competency
 A list of all authorized personnel Entry Supervisor (ES) /
Permit Issuer (PI) / Approving Authority (AA) must be kept by
the company and displayed in the control room
 Permit Issuer may only sign (be responsible for) PTWs for
which he is competent! e.g. electrical, instrumentation
 If either the Permit Issuer (PI) or Permit Applicant (PA)
change, the permit must be countersigned by his relief 
proper handover briefing

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 SAMPLE CONFINED SPACE PTW

1. General
Location of Work ....................................
Employees Assigned .............................
Outside Contractors ..............................

2. Work Description
Description of Work to be Undertaken
.............................................................................
Requested Entry Time ……………(hrs) to……………..(hrs)
Requested Entry Date .................................................
Requester ...................................Signature:………………
Date : .......................

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 WORK DESCRIPTION
 Purpose of Entry :
 General Inspection
 Scaffolding
 Repair (Hot / Cold) Work
 Tank Cleaning
 Automation / Electrical Work
 Blasting / Painting
 Radiography
 Box-up
 Others : ________________
 Item to be worked on :
_______________________

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THE WHOLE OF THE REMAINING DETAIL OF THIS PERMIT SHALL
BE AUTHORISED BEFORE WORK IS TO PROCEED, AND ONLY
WORK LISTED SHALL BE CARRIED OUT
3. ISOLATION OF CONFINED SPACE
The items ticked below have been isolated or made safe:
 Pipelines (Water, Steam, Gas, etc.)
 Gas Test
 Mechanical/Electrical drives
 Sludge/Deposits/Waste
 Harmful materials
 Electrical services
 Warning notices, locks or tags have been fixed to means of
isolation
 Adjacent areas
 Any other ……………………….

Verified by Entry Supervisor ........................................

Signature:………………… Date : .......................

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 SAMPLE CONFINED SPACE PTW

4. ATMOSPHERIC TEST REQUIREMENTS

The atmosphere has been tested to ensure no oxygen deficiency or excess
and for the following contaminants:
 (19.5 % ≤ O2 ≤ 23.5 % ) ............................................
 (Flammable Gas Concentration ≤ 10 % LEL) ..........
 (CO ≤ 25 ppm) ............................................................
 ( H2S ≤ 10 ppm ) ........................................................
 Other gases …………………………………………….…
Continuous monitoring of the atmosphere required / not required*.
The conditions are safe for entry under the conditions ticked below:
 With a supplied-air respiratory protective device.
 With an air purifying (non-air-supplied) respiratory protective device.
 Without a respiratory protective device.
Testing time ............................. Date ...........................
Authorised Gas Tester ......................................

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 SAMPLE CONFINED SPACE PTW
5. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
The following PPE ticked below shall be worn :
 Supplied-air respirators.
Monitored by: …………………………………..
 Air purifying respiratory protective devices.
 Safety belt, harness and/or safety line or lifeline/rescue line.
 Eye protectors.
 Hand protection.
 Feet protection.
 Protective clothing.
 Hearing protectors.
 Safety helmets.
 Any other ……………………….
Verified by Entry Supervisor ..............................
Signature:………………… Date : .......................

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 SAMPLE CONFINED SPACE PTW

6. USE OF CHEMICALS
(Details to be completed)
No chemicals other than those listed below to be taken into
the confined space:
 ............................................................
 ............................................................
 ............................................................
 ............................................................

Verified by Entry Supervisor ........................................

Signature:………………… Date : .......................

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 SAMPLE CONFINED SPACE PTW
7. HOT WORK : The precautions ticked below shall be observed:
 Area clean and free of all readily combustible materials within 15 metres.
 All drains within 15 metres covered with wet fireproof blanket.
 Appropriate fire extinguishers on site near source of ignition.
 A water hose run to job site and tested/left running.
 All sparks for work more than 2 metres above ground contained completely by use of a
suitable enclosure that shall be inspected before commencing work.
 Welding machine/gas cylinders located ............. (not within 8 metres of any drain).
 All welding machines / gas cylinders shall be located outside the confined space.
 Welding machine earthed directly to equipment being welded as close to welding point as
possible.
 Power leads not draped across pipelines or access ways.
 Electrical trace on pipes isolated.
 Coatings are removed for a sufficient distance from the area to be heated.
 Any other : ……………………………
 Fire watch : Name :………………………………….
Hot work allowed / not allowed inside the space. (* Delete as appropriate)
If not allowed (Why)……………………………………………………………………
Verified by Entry Supervisor ........................... Signature:…………… Date : ....................

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 SAMPLE CONFINED SPACE PTW

8. STAND-BY PERSONNEL AND RESCUE ARRANGEMENTS

 Stand-by person : Name : ……………………………….

 Rescue and emergency procedures are understood and have been
posted.
 Rescue facilities and communication are in place.
 Rescue personnel :
Name:………………………………
Name:………………………………

Verified by Entry Supervisor ........................................

Signature:………………… Date : .......................

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 SAMPLE CONFINED SPACE PTW
9. OTHER PRECAUTIONS
Precautions ticked below have been implemented:
 Warning notices/barricades are in position.
 Smoking/drinking/eating is prohibited in confined space.
 Special precautions (indicate)
..................................................................................
Verified by Entry Supervisor ........................................
Signature:………………… Date : .......................

10. AUTHORISATION
Based on my evaluation, the confined space described above is in a safe
condition for work to be done, provided that the precautions above are fully
observed.
Entry Date…………………………………………..
Entry Time…………………(hrs) to…………………(hrs)
Permit Issuer......................Signature…………………Date ………….

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 SAMPLE CONFINED SPACE PTW

11. PERMIT ACCEPTANCE

I understand the procedures required for entry and work in the confined
space and the protective measures and equipment to be used.
Work Supervisor ....................Signature:…………Date : ............
12. Log In and Log Out
We have been briefed and understand the procedures required for
entry and work in the confined space and the protective measures and
equipment to be used.
Name ………… Signature …………Time in :………Time out: ……
Name ………… Signature …………Time in :………Time out: ……
Name ………… Signature …………Time in :………Time out: ……
Name ………… Signature …………Time in :………Time out: ……

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 SAMPLE CONFINED SPACE PTW
13. SIGNING OUT
All persons / equipment* have been withdrawn, the work has been completed
/ suspended* and further entry shall not be permitted unless a new entry
permit is signed.
Plant / machinery* is deemed fit / not fit* for use.
Entry Supervisor ..................... Signature:……… Date : .................
14. DEBRIEFING AND ACCEPTANCE OF COMPLETED JOB
I have been briefed by the Entry Supervisor and accept the work as defined in
Section 2 of this Permit has been completed.
The following observation(s) of unsatisfactory aspects of the operation in the
confined space are noted for attention prior to undertaking similar operations.
(Attach separate sheet if necessary)
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
Employer / Responsible Person (AA) ....................................

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 Points to be observed
 If an emergency alarm sounds, all permits should
be returned to the control room, if safe to do so, and
personnel should go to their mustering area.
 Permits will only be reissued once the emergency is
over and if it safe to continue to work in that area. This
is suspension of permit.
 On completion of the work, the area must be left in a
clean and safe as per original condition, and the
permit must not be signed off and the certificates
closed, until the area has been checked by the Entry
Supervisor (ES) / Permit Issuer (PI).

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 PTW working/terminating condition
There are four PTW working/terminating conditions :
(a) Revalidation of PTW
 Normally a permit is valid for a set working day ( 8 or 12
hours ) unless specified on the permit
 If work is to continue after or the work to be handed over to
a different shift, the permit must be revalidated by both the
Permit Issuer (PI) and Permit Applicant (PA)
 The Approving Authority (AA) may also be required to sign
as permitting the work to continue
 Each company may have different procedures for the
duration and frequency of revalidation

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PTW working/terminating condition (cont..)

(a) Revalidation
Extension Approving Permit Issuer Permit Applicant
(until date, Authority (Sign, (Sign, date, time) (Sign, date, time)
time) date, time)
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th

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PTW working/terminating condition (cont..)

(b) Permit Suspended

 If for any reason the job cannot be completed within
the permit validation period or if materials are not
readily available ( e.g a replacement valve may take 10
days to arrive ) the permit must be suspended
 The work site is made as safe as possible, any
isolation carried out may be required to be kept
“tagged” in the isolated position until the new part
arrives, a new permit is issued and the job is eventually
completed

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PTW working/terminating condition (cont..)

(b) Permit Suspended

 It is important at this stage that the affected
Isolation Certificate and Permit are stapled
together to ensure that the systems are not brought
into operation until it is safe to do so
 Both the Permit Issuer (PI) and Permit
Applicant (PA) must sign under this section and
state the reason for suspension of the job.

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PTW working/terminating condition (cont..)
(c) PTW Cancelled / Closed
 Once the job is cancelled or completed, the site must be made
safe before the permit is returned to the permit holder and signed
off
 On completion, further tests may be required to prove the work
e.g. Leak test, electrically or pneumatically operated to check for
serviceability, and a further permit may have to be issued for this.
Some companies incorporate this ability to test within the original
permit
 On completion, all permits are brought together and signed off by
both the Permit Issuer (PI) and Permit Applicant (PA)
 A debriefing is required on identified deviations from the specified
conditions, and the PTW reviewed if necessary.

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PTW working/terminating condition (cont..)

(c) PTW Cancelled / Closed

Work completed
Housekeeping completed
Incomplete hand-back : Work Cancelled
(Equipment status, reason for handback)

PA (Sign, date, PI (Sign, date, AA (Sign, date,

time) time) time)

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 Distribution Of Permit Copies

 Copy 1 : Displayed at worksite; plastic wrap

 Copy 2 : Displayed in control room; for control
and reference purposes
 Copy 3 : Copy for Permit Applicant
 Upon revalidation, cancellation, completion :
 All copies brought together, and signed by signatories
concerned.
 Copy kept for 1 year, or until next job, whichever is
later.

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SAMPLE OF HOT WORK PERMIT

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION

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