Literary Movements and Sociopolitical Contexts 2

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Literary

movements
&
Sociopolitical
contexts
Literary Movements
Pieces of literature in a period of time
Shared genres, themes, styles or views

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RELIGION
ORAL TRADITIONS
RE-TELLERS
MORALS AND VALUES

MEDIEVAL
LITERATURE
MEDIEVAL PERIOD
(600 AD to 1500)

⬗ Transition from Anglo-Saxon to the


“modern” English
⬗ Only the high, religious people can create
literature
⬗ Literature as religious worship / means of
teaching values
⬗ Canterbury Tales by Geoffrrey Chaucer
⬗ The Divine Comedy by Dante Aligheri

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REBIRTH
HUMANISM
INDIVIDUAL THINKING
DIGNITY OF MAN

RENAISSANCE
LITERATURE
RENAISSANCE PERIOD
(1558 to 1603)

⬗ “Rebirth” of thinking
⬗ Man outside of religion
⬗ Greek and Roman influences
⬗ Literature as art instead of worship
⬗ Poetry and drama as dominant forms
⬗ William Shakespeare, John Milton, Miguel
de Cervantes

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DEATH
SUPERNATURAL
IRRATIONALITY
DARKNESS

GOTHIC
LITERATURE
GOTHIC PERIOD
(1764 to 1820)

⬗ Dark, horrifying, morbid


⬗ Themes of supernatural and irrational
⬗ Horror stories like Dracula
⬗ Horace Walpole as the pioneer
⬗ Frankenstein by Mary Shelley
⬗ The Cask of Amontillado by E.A. Poe

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BEAUTY
EMOTION
SPONTANEITY
ESCAPING REALITY

ROMANTICISM
LITERATURE
ROMANTICISM PERIOD
(1798 to 1832)

⬗ Heart over Head


⬗ Value of emotion, imagination and
spontaneity
⬗ Literature as an escape from reality
⬗ Things as something beautiful and magical
⬗ Jane Austen, William Wordsworth, Lord
Byron

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HARSH TRUTH
HONESTY
A MIRROR OF LIFE
ORDINARY LIVING

REALISM
LITERATURE
REALISM PERIOD
(1830 to 1900)

⬗ Honest, harsh portrayals of a hard life


⬗ Themes of poverty and criminality
⬗ Approaches life without idealization
⬗ Literature as a reflection of truth
⬗ Characters are ordinary people with
mundane lives
⬗ Charles Dickens, Mark Twain, George
Eliot

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BREAKING TRADITION
NEW STYLES
EXPERIMENTATION
FLUIDITY

MODERNISM
LITERATURE
MODERNISM PERIOD
(1890 to 1940)

⬗ Desire to break traditional literary styles


⬗ Experimentation on new narrative forms
⬗ Unreliable Narrator
⬗ Stream of consciousness
⬗ Virginia Woolf, T.S. Eliot, Ernest
Hemingway

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AFRICAN-AMERICAN
BLACK CULTURE
RACE
DISCRIMINATION

HARLEM RENAISSANCE
LITERATURE
HARLEM RENAISSANCE PERIOD
(1918 to 1930)

⬗ African-American culture
⬗ The Great Migration to Harlem, NY
⬗ Racial segregation and discrimination
⬗ Breaking free from white stereotypes
⬗ Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston

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WAR
DISILLUSIONMENT
CONFUSION
“AMERICAN DREAM”

LOST GENERATION
LITERATURE
LOST GENERATION PERIOD
(1918 to 1930)

⬗ 1st World War and the Great Depression


⬗ Disillusionment of the war
⬗ Gender confusion and role reversal
⬗ Distorted “American Dream”
⬗ Aimless, reckless, hedonistic
⬗ The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald
⬗ The Sun Also Rises by E. Hemingway

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UNFLITERED
OBSCENITY
NONCONFORMING
FIGHTING CAPITALISM

BEAT GENERATION
LITERATURE
BEAT GENERATION PERIOD
(1950 to 1960)

⬗ Nonconforming hipster and bohemian culture


⬗ Against censorship, consumerism and
capitalism
⬗ Unfiltered, loose language
⬗ Obscenity, drugs and sex
⬗ Beat poets
⬗ Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg

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DIVERSITY
FADING TRADITION
FREEDOM
TECHNOLOGY

POSTMODERNISM
LITERATURE
POSTMODERN PERIOD
(1945 to Present)
⬗ Diversity, absence of tradition, freedom
in style
⬗ Technology-driven, consumerist world
⬗ Multiple meanings or no meaning at all
⬗ “Pastiche”, “faction”, magical realism,
minimalism & maximalism,
intertextuality, metafiction
⬗ Kurt Vonnegut, William Golding,
Samuel Beckett

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Literary Approaches
Perspectives to examining literature

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FORMALIST APPROACH

Meaning is derived from the text


independently and objectively

Form and structure

Styles, literary elements, writing techniques

Techniques shape the meaning

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BIOGRAPHICAL APPROACH

Author’s life is the key to unlocking meaning

Author’s experiences influence his/her


writings

Must be used with caution

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PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH

Based on Sigmund Freud’s studies

Author’s inner desires and subconscious are


reflected in his/her works

Character’s opinions are the author’s opinions

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READER-RESPONSE APPROACH

The reader’s mind is the focus

Every interpretation is different

Individual’s experiences shape his/her


interpretation

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MARXIST APPROACH

Based on the writings of Karl Marx

Struggles of the oppressed against the


powerful

Social classes

Shows how society caters to the interests of


the dominant groups

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FEMINIST APPROACH

Based on feminist theories and gender studies

The unequal treatment of the male and female


genders

Questions and challenges gender stereotypes


and assumptions

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HARRISON BERGERON
by Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.

“THE YEAR WAS 2081,


and everybody was finally
equal. They weren't only
equal before God and the
law. They were equal
every which way.”

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HARRISON BERGERON
by Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.

 In which literary movement does


the story most probably belong to?
 What is the main issue or idea in
the story?
 Do you agree with the people’s
idea of “equality”? Why/why not?
 What lesson can we get from the
story?

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HARRISON BERGERON
by Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.

Themes:
Dystopian Society
Extreme Egalitarianism
Forced Equality
Culture of mediocrity

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Harrison Bergeron
L.A.S. Instructions
Draw one symbol/object from the
story that caught your attention the
most. Below it, write a 5-sentence
explanation as to why you chose
that object.

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“LITTLE SHOP OF WRITING”
A CRAFT ESSAY

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Given the content of the text,
how can “craft essay” be
defined?

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How can you describe the
relationship of the author
with writing?

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What things did the author
do or have to motivate
him/herself to write?

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Based on the author’s craft
essay, would you describe
writing as an easy or a
difficult form of art?

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Word Count: 1000 to 1500
Printed; font size 12
Content (20), Organization (15),
Design (15)

Final Writing Piece:


Craft Essay

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