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    Hypothesis Testing

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    Jared Herada
    This document discusses hypothesis testing, which involves asking a question, collecting data, and examining the data to determine if a null hypothesis can be rejected. The null hypothesis is the statement being tested, while the alternative hypothesis is what would be accepted if the null is rejected. Examples are given of null and alternative hypotheses for testing the active ingredient in medicine and the computer use of high school students. The goals, types of errors, test statistics, critical values, and p-values involved in hypothesis testing are also outlined.

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    Hypothesis Testing

    Uploaded by

    Jared Herada
    46 views27 pages
    This document discusses hypothesis testing, which involves asking a question, collecting data, and examining the data to determine if a null hypothesis can be rejected. The null hypothesis is the statement being tested, while the alternative hypothesis is what would be accepted if the null is rejected. Examples are given of null and alternative hypotheses for testing the active ingredient in medicine and the computer use of high school students. The goals, types of errors, test statistics, critical values, and p-values involved in hypothesis testing are also outlined.

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    This document discusses hypothesis testing, which involves asking a question, collecting data, and examining the data to determine if a null hypothesis can be rejected. The null hypothesis is the statement being tested, while the alternative hypothesis is what would be accepted if the null is rejected. Examples are given of null and alternative hypotheses for testing the active ingredient in medicine and the computer use of high school students. The goals, types of errors, test statistics, critical values, and p-values involved in hypothesis testing are also outlined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    46 views27 pages

    Hypothesis Testing

    Uploaded by

    Jared Herada
    This document discusses hypothesis testing, which involves asking a question, collecting data, and examining the data to determine if a null hypothesis can be rejected. The null hypothesis is the statement being tested, while the alternative hypothesis is what would be accepted if the null is rejected. Examples are given of null and alternative hypotheses for testing the active ingredient in medicine and the computer use of high school students. The goals, types of errors, test statistics, critical values, and p-values involved in hypothesis testing are also outlined.

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    HYPOTHESIS TESTING

    HYPOTHESIS TESTING

    • Involves asking a question,


    collecting data, and then
    examining the data
    • Hypothesis – statements about
    the population
    TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS

    • Null Hypothesis – hypothesis to be


    tested; denoted by 𝐻𝑜

    • Alternative Hypothesis – against


    the null hypothesis; denoted by 𝐻𝑎
    EXAMPLES

    1. We have a medicine that is being


    manufactured and each pill is
    supposed to have 14 milligrams of
    the active ingredient. What are our
    null and alternative hypotheses?

    𝑯𝒐 : 𝝁 = 𝟏𝟒 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁 ≠ 𝟏𝟒
    EXAMPLES

    2. The school principal wants to test


    if it is true what teachers say – that
    high school juniors use the
    computer an average 3.2 hours a
    day. What are our null and
    alternative hypotheses?

    𝑯𝒐 : 𝝁 = 𝟑. 𝟐 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁 ≠ 𝟑. 𝟐
    TEST OF SIGNIFICANCE

    • Goal: Reject 𝐻𝑜 in favor of 𝐻𝑎

    • Note: If successful in rejecting 𝐻𝑜 ,


    then the result is declared to be
    “significant”
    TYPES OF ERRORS

    • Type I Error – the mistake of


    rejecting the 𝐻𝑜 when it is true and
    the probability of a type I error is
    called the significance level 𝛼

    • Type II Error – the mistake of failing


    to reject the 𝐻𝑜 when it is false and
    𝛽 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑎 is used to represent the
    probability of a type II error
    TEST STATISTICS

    • A statistics computed from the


    sample data that is especially
    sensitive to the differences
    between 𝐻𝑜 and 𝐻𝑎
    REGION OF REJECTION

    • The set of all values of the test statistics


    which will lead to the rejection of 𝐻𝑜
    • The smaller the 𝛼 is, the smaller the
    region of rejection
    • The location of the region of rejection
    depends on the form of 𝐻𝑎
    CRITICAL VALUES

    • The value(s) that separate the


    critical region from the values of
    the test statistics that would not
    lead to rejection of the null
    hypothesis.
    TYPES OF TESTS

    • TWO-TAILED TEST – whether true value


    of a population parameter is different
    from a specified value
    • LEFT-TAILED TEST – whether the true
    value of a population parameter is less
    than a specified value
    • RIGHT TAILED TEST – whether the true
    value of a population parameter is less
    than a specified value
    PROBABILITY VALUE OR P-VALUE

    • The actual or observed value of the


    probability of Type I error
    • The smaller the p-value, the stronger
    is the evidence of rejecting 𝐻𝑜
    • Reject 𝐻𝑜 if the p-value is less than
    or equal to the level of significance

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