Introduction to NC , CNC

& VMC

VAIBHAV THAKUR
HISTORY OF CNC
• US Air Force commissioned MIT to develop the first "numerically
controlled" machine in 1949. It was demonstrated in 1952.
• At 1970-1972 first Computer Numeric Control machines were
developed.
• Today, computer numerical control (CNC) machines are found
almost everywhere, from small job shops in rural communities to
companies in large urban areas.
• Utilization of computers in manufacturing applications has proved
to be one of the most significant advantages & developments over
the last couple of decades in helping to improve the productivity
and efficiency of manufacturing systems.
NUMERICAL CONTROL
NC has been used in industry for more than 40 years. Simply
put, NC is a method of automatically operating a manufacturing
machine based on a code of letters, numbers, and special
characters. A complete set of coded instructions for executing an
operation is called a program. The program is translated into
corresponding electrical signals for input to motors that run the
machine. NC machines can be programmed manually. If a
computer is used to create a program, the process is known as
computer-aided programming. The approach taken in this text
will be in the form of manual programming.
Numerical Control (NC)
 BASIC ELEMENTS OF NC SYSTEM
 TAPE PUNCH
 TAPE READER
 CONTROLLER
 DEFINITION OF COMPUTER
NUMERICAL CONTROL
 A CNC machine is an NC machine with the added feature of an onboard
computer
 The MCU usually has an alphanumeric keyboard for direct
 or manual data input (MDI) of part programs. Such programs are stored in
RAM or the
 random-access memory portion of the computer. They can be played back,
edited, and
 processed by the control. All programs residing in RAM, however, are lost
when the CNC
 machine is turned off. These programs can be saved on auxiliary storage
devices such as
 punched tape, magnetic tape, or magnetic disk. Newer MCU units have
graphics screens
 that can display not only the CNC program but the cutter paths generated
and any errors in the program
 Types of CNC machines
Based on Control Loops:
Open loop or Closed loop

Based on Power Supply:

Electric or Hydraulic or Pneumatic

Based on Positioning System

Incremental or Absolute
 Open Loop
vs.
Closed Loop controls
ADVANTAGES OF CNC
COMPARED WITH NC
 Reduction in the hardware necessary to add a machine function. New
functions can be programmed into the MCU as software.
 The CNC program can be written, stored, and executed directly at the CNC
machine.
 Any portion of an entered CNC program can be played back and edited at
will. Tool motions can be electronically displayed upon playback.
 Many different CNC programs can be stored in the MCU.
 Several CNC machines can be linked together to a main computer. Programs
written via the main computer can be downloaded to any CNC machine in
the network. This is known as direct numerical control or DNC.
 Several DNC systems can also be networked to form a large distributive
numerical control system.
 The CNC program can be input from flash or floppy disks or downloaded
from local area networks.
 CNC APPLICATIONS

• Machining
3D
Turning = Lathes, Turning Centre
Milling =Machining Centre
• Forming
2D
Plasma and Laser Cutting
Blanking, nibbling and punching
3D
Rapid Prototyping
 ADVANTAGES
• Variance reduction
– Time and quality
• Eliminate direct labor.
• Produce increased part complexity
– Contouring
• Improve process efficiencies.
• Can obtain Consistency in cutting time.
• Setup time reduction.
LIMITATIONS
 High initial cost.
 High maintenance cost.
 Skilled part programmer is required.
 Expensive to repair.
 Expensive tools.
 DEFINITION
Vertical machining centre
A vertical machining center (VMC) is a machining center with its
spindle in a vertical orientation. High-end VMCs are high-
precision machines often used for tight-tolerance milling, such as
fine die and mold work. Low-cost vertical machining centers are
among the most basic CNC machine tools.
 G & M Codes
• G-codes: Preparatory Functions involve actual tool moves.

• M-codes: Miscellaneous Functions – involve actions necessary for

machining (i.e spindle on/off, coolant on/off).
• Address codes: specifies Feed rate, spindle speed, tool number etc
 G Codes (Preparatory functions)
• G00 Rapid traverse • G40 Cutter compensation –
• G01 Linear interpolation cancel
• G02 Circular interpolation, • G41 Cutter compensation –
CW left
• G03 Circular interpolation, • G42 Cutter compensation-
CCW right
• G04 Dwell • G80 Fixed canned-cycle cancel
• G28 Machine Zero • G81-G89 Fixed cycles
• G17 X-Y Plane • G90 Absolute dimensions
• G18 Z-X Plane • G91 Incremental dimensions
• G19 Y-Z Plane • G98 Canned cycle initial point
• G21 Metric Units return
• G54 to G59 Work Coordinate • G99 Canned cycle R point return
system
• G43 Tool Length offset(+)
• G44 Tool Length offset(-)
M Codes(Miscellaneous Functions)
• M00 Program stop
• M01 Optional program stop
• M02 Program end
• M03 Spindle on clockwise
• M04 Spindle on counterclockwise
• M05 Spindle stop
• M06 Tool change
• M08 Coolant on
• M09 Coolant off
• M10 Clamps on
• M11 Clamps off
• M30 Program stop, reset to start
• M98 subprogram call
• M99 subprogram end
WORD-ADDRESS CODING

Example CNC Program

• N5 G91 G28 Z0;
• N10 G17 G21 G40; Each instruction to the machine consists
• N15 M06 T3; of a letter followed by a number.
• N20 M03 S1250;
• N25 G00 X-1 Y-1;
Each letter is associated with a specific
• N30 G01 Z-0.125 F5;
• N35 X3 Y-1 F10; type of action or piece of information
• N40 G00 Z1; needed by the machine.
• N45 X0 Y0;
• N50 M09; Letters used in Codes
• N50 M05;
• N55 M30; N,G,X,Y,Z,A,C,I,J,K,F,S,T,R
 PART PROGRAM

• A part program is a series of coded instructions required to

produce a part. It controls the movement of the machine tool
and the on/off control of auxiliary functions such as spindle
rotation and coolant. The coded instructions are composed of
letters, numbers and symbols and are arranged in a format of
functional blocks as in the following example
N10 G01 X5.0 Y2.5 F15.0
| | | | |
| | | | Feed rate (15 mm/min)
| | | Y-coordinate (2.5mm)
| | X-coordinate (5.0 mm)
| Linear interpolation mode
Sequence number
 BLOCK FORMAT

Sample Block
N135 G01 X1.0 Y1.0 Z0.125 F5

Restrictions on CNC blocks

• Each may contain only one tool move
• Each may contain any number of non-tool move G-codes
• Each may contain only one feedrate
• Each may contain only one specified tool or spindle speed
• The block numbers should be sequential
• Both the program start flag and the program number must be
independent of all other commands (on separate lines)
• The data within a block should follow the sequence shown in the
above sample block
PROGRAMMING WITHOUT
COMPENSATION
O0001
N10 G91 G28 Z0;
N20 G17 G21;
N30 M06 T03;
N40 G90 G54 X-10.0 Y-10.0 F150;
N50 G43 Z10.0 H3;
N60 M03 S600;
N70 G00 Z10.0;
N80 M08;
N90 G01 X10.0 Y-10.0 F250;
N100 G01 Z-0.5;
N110 G01 X10.0 Y10.0;
N120 G01 10.0 Y30.0;
N130 G01 X30.0 Y30.0;
N140 G01 X30.0 Y10.0;
N150 G01 X-10.0 Y-10.0;
N160 G00 Z10.0;
N170 G90 G28 X0 Y0;
N180 M05;
N190 M09;
N200 M03;
 WITH COMPESATION
O0001
N10 G91 G28 Z0;
N20 G17 G21;
N30 M06 T03;
N41 G90 G54 X-10.0 Y-10.0 F150;
N50 G43 Z10.0 H3;
N60 M03 S600;
N70 G00 Z10.0;
N80 M08;
N90 G01 X10.0 Y-10.0 F250;
N100 G01 Z-0.5;
N110 G01 X10.0 Y10.0;
N120 G01 10.0 Y30.0;
N130 G01 X30.0 Y30.0;
N140 G01 X30.0 Y10.0;
N150 G01 X-10.0 Y-10.0;
N160 G00 Z10.0;
N170 G90 G28 X0 Y0;
N180 M05;
N190 M09;
N200 M03;
 SUB PROGRAMMING
O0120 O0080;
N10 G91 G28 Z0; N10 G91 G01 Z-0.5 F150;
N20 G17 G21 G40; N20 G90 G41 G01 X5.0 Y-20.0 F150 D3;
N30 M06 T03; N30 G01 X5.0 Y60.0;
N40 G90 G54 X-20.0 Y-20.0; N40 G01 X32.5 Y60.0;
N50 G43 Z10.0 H3; N50 G02 X52.5 Y60.0 R10 F120;
N60 M03 S600; N60 G01 X70.0 Y60.0;
N70 G00 Z10.0; N70 G01 X70.0 Y20.0;
N80 M07; N80 G01 X65.0 Y15.0;
N90 G01 Z0 F150; N90 G01 X25.0 Y15.0;
N100 M98 P100080; N100 G01 X15.0 Y5.0;
N110 GOO Z10.0; N110 G01 X-20.0 Y25.0;
N120 M09; N120 G01 X-20.0 Y0;
N130 M05; N130 G01 X-20.0 Y-20.0;
N140 G91 G28 Z0; N140 G40;
N150 M30; N150 M99;
 CANNED CYCLE
 A Canned cycle is a way of conveniently performing repetitive CNC
machine operations.
 Canned cycles automate certain machining functions such as
drilling, boring, tapping etc...
 Canned cycles are so called because they allow a concise way to
program a machine to produce a feature of a part.
 VARIOUS CYCLES IN
DRILLING
 G81 (SPOT DRILLING/ SIMPLE DRILLING/CENTERING)
G81 X__Y__Z__R__F__
 G82(DRILLING WITH DWELL TIME)
G82 X__Y__Z__R__P__F__
 G83 (PECK DRILLING CYCLE)
G83 X__Y__Z__R__Q__F__
 G84(RIGHT HAND TAPPING CYCLE)
G84 X__Y__Z__R__P__F__K__
 G74(REVERSE TAPPING CYCLE)
G74 X__Y__Z__R__F__
 G85(REAMING CYCLE)
G85 X__Y__Z__R__F__K__
 G86(BORING CYCLE)
G86 X__Y__Z__R__F__K__
 G87(BACK BORING)
G87 X__Y__Z__R__Q__F__
Some Commonly Used Canned Cycle
Code Function Down feed At bottom Retracti
on
G81 Drilling Continuous No action Rapid
feed
G82 Spot face, Continuous Dwell Rapid
counterbore feed
G83 Deep hole drilling Peck No action Rapid
G84 Tapping Continuous Reverse Feed
feed spindle rate
G85 Through boring(in Continuous No action Feed
& out) feed rate

G86 Through boring(in Continuous Stop spindle Rapid

only) feed
 CANNED CYCLE FOR PECK
DRILLING
O1225
N10 G91 G28 Z0;
N20 G17 G21 G40;
N30 M06 T03;
N40 G90 G54 G00 X0 Y0;
N50 G43 Z10.0 H3;
N60 M03 S800;
N70 G00 Z10.0;
N80 M07;
N90 G98/G99 G83 X25.0 Y75.0 Z-10.0 Q4.0 R5.0 F120;
N100 X75.0 Y75.0;
N110 X125.0 Y75.0;
N120 X75.0 Y25.0;
N130 G80;
N140 G90 G28 X0 Y0;
N150 M09;
N160 M05;
N170 M30;
SUBPROGRAMMING IN CANNED
CYCLE
O0008
N10 G91 G28 Z0; O0120
N20 G17 G21 G40; X20.0 Y60.0;
N30 M06 T03; X40.0 Y40.0;
N40 G90 G54 X0 Y0; X60.0 Y20.0;
N50 G43 Z10.0 H3;
X60.0 Y60.0;
N60 M03 S800;
N70 G00 Z10.0;
N80 M07;
N90 G98 G81 X20.0 Y20.0 Z-10.0 R 5.0 F200;
N100 M98 P0120L1;
N110 M99;
N120 M05;
N130 M09;
N140 M30;
THANK YOU