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    MF009 6B Human Reproduction System James L

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    Piku
    The document describes the major components and functions of the male and female human reproductive systems, including how they work together to produce offspring through processes like spermatogenesis, oogenesis, fertilization, and embryonic/fetal development. It outlines the key organs involved in both systems like testes/ovaries, accessory organs, hormones, and external genitalia, and explains their roles in sexual maturation, gamete production, fertilization, pregnancy, and childbirth.

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    MF009 6B Human Reproduction System James L

    Uploaded by

    Piku
    38 views26 pages
    The document describes the major components and functions of the male and female human reproductive systems, including how they work together to produce offspring through processes like spermatogenesis, oogenesis, fertilization, and embryonic/fetal development. It outlines the key organs involved in both systems like testes/ovaries, accessory organs, hormones, and external genitalia, and explains their roles in sexual maturation, gamete production, fertilization, pregnancy, and childbirth.

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    The document describes the major components and functions of the male and female human reproductive systems, including how they work together to produce offspring through processes like spermatogenesis, oogenesis, fertilization, and embryonic/fetal development. It outlines the key organs involved in both systems like testes/ovaries, accessory organs, hormones, and external genitalia, and explains their roles in sexual maturation, gamete production, fertilization, pregnancy, and childbirth.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    38 views26 pages

    MF009 6B Human Reproduction System James L

    Uploaded by

    Piku
    The document describes the major components and functions of the male and female human reproductive systems, including how they work together to produce offspring through processes like spermatogenesis, oogenesis, fertilization, and embryonic/fetal development. It outlines the key organs involved in both systems like testes/ovaries, accessory organs, hormones, and external genitalia, and explains their roles in sexual maturation, gamete production, fertilization, pregnancy, and childbirth.

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    HUMAN

    REPRODUCTIVE
    SYSTEM

    James L,
    General Biology I (MF009)
    Foundation in Science
    Introduction
    • Male and female reproductive systems
    • Function together to produce offspring
    • Female reproductive system nurtures developing
    offspring
    • Produce important hormones
    Male Reproductive System
    • Testes
    • Primary organs
    • Develop in the abdominal
    pelvic cavity of fetus
    • Descend into scrotal sac
    shortly before or after birth
    • Produce the male sex cells
    (sperm)
    • Produce the male hormone
    testosterone
    Male Reproductive System
    • Scrotum – sac that holds
    the testes
    • Seminiferous tubules
    • Spermatogenesis – produce
    male gametes

    • Interstitial cells/Leydig
    cells (lie btw seminiferous
    tubules) produce
    testosterone
    Spermatozoon(sg)
    Spermatozoa
    Describe the process of
    spematogenesis.
    Male Reproductive System (cont.)
    • Sperm cells
    • Head • Tail
    • Nucleus with 23 • Flagellum that propels
    chromosomes sperm forward
    • Acrosome – enzyme-filled
    sac
    • Helps sperm penetrate
    ovum
    • Midpiece
    • Mitochrondria that generate
    cell’s energy in the ATP
    form
    Male Reproductive System:
    Internal Accessory Organs
    • Vas efferens (Efferent tubules) • Vas deferens (Ductus deferens)
    • Transfer sperm from the testis to • Tube connected to epididymis
    epididymis • Carries sperm cells to urethra
    • Site for vasectomy

    • Epididymis
    • Sits on top of each testis
    • Receives spermatids from
    seminiferous tubules
    • Site for sperm maturation
    • Concentrate & temporarily store
    sperm
    • Transfer sperms from vas
    efferens to vas deferens

    What types of cells do not have 46 chromosomes?


    Explain the location of meiosis in males and females.
    Male Reproductive System:
    Internal Accessory Organs (cont.)
    • Seminal vesicle • Bulbourethral (Cowper’s)
    • Secrete an alkaline viscous glands
    fluid (60% of semen) • Secretes an alkaline viscous
    • Fluid rich in sugar used to fluid (<20% volume of semen)
    make ATP which contains mucus
    • Mucus as lubricant • Also neutralise acidity from
    • Chemicals –final urine in the urethra.
    capacitation ( activation) of
    sperm • Semen
    • Fluid ejaculated from the
    • Prostate gland urethra during sexual
    excitation.
    • Secretes an alkaline viscous • 2-5cm3 of semen with 250K of
    fluid (20% volume of semen) sperms ejaculated per time.
    • Alkaline – neutralise the acidic
    • Mucus – lubricant
    • Prostate cancer is the most
    common for male reproduction
    system.
    Male Reproductive System:
    Internal Accessory Organs (cont.)
    • Scrotum • Penis
    • Shaft
    • Holds testes away from body
    • Erectile tissues surround
    • Temperature 2-3°C below urethra
    body temperature • Glans penis
    • Lined with serous membrane • High [sensory cells] which
    that secrets fluid initiates the erection reflex
    • Prepuce (foreskin)
    • Skin covering glans penis in
    uncircumcised males
    • Functions
    • Male copulatory organ
    • Deliver sperm
    • Urination

    Briefs or boxers?
    Male Reproductive System:
    Erection, Orgasm, and Ejaculation
    • Erection
    • Parasympathetic nervous system stimulates erectile tissue
    • Become engorged with blood

    • Orgasm
    • Sperm cells propelled out of testes into urethra
    • Secretions from accessory organs also released into urethra

    • Ejaculation
    • Semen is forced out of urethra
    • Erection subsides when parasympathetic activity then stimulate
    erectile tissue to release blood
    • Penis returns to flaccid state
    Describe the pathway of movement
    of sperm through the system.
    Male Reproductive System: Hormones
    • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
    secreted by hypothalamus
    • Stimulates anterior pituitary gland to
    release 2 gonadotrophins
    • Luteinizing hormone (LH) –
    stimulates interstitial cells in the
    testes to produce testosterone
    • Follicle-stimulating hormone
    (FSH) – induce spermiogenesis
    (spermatid to grow into sperms).
    • Testosterone
    • Induce spermatogenesis
    • Induce development of secondary sex
    characteristics
    • Maturation of male reproductive
    organs
    • Regulated by negative feedback of
    GnRH and LH production by
    hypothalamus & anterior pituitary
    gland respectively
    Female Reproductive System:
    Ovaries and Ovum Formation
    • Ovaries (2)
    • Primary sex organs produce
    • Oogenesis – produce female gametes
    (ova)
    • Sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
    • Located in the pelvic cavity
    • Attached to uterus by ligament

    Identify the structures of the female


    reproduction system and provide a
    function for each.
    Female Reproductive System:
    Ovaries and Ovum Formation (cont.)
    • Primordial follicles develop • Oogenesis is the process of ovum
    before birth and contain formation
    • At puberty, primary oocytes are
    • A primary oocyte or immature stimulated to continue meiosis and
    ovum which remains at produce:
    Prophase I (approx 2 millions
    at birth) • A secondary oocyte
    • Meiosis resumes at puberty • 1 polar bodies (a nonfunctional
    (11-12yrs old) to release 1 egg cell).
    per month until menopause
    (51yrs old) • Secondary oocyte released during
    • Total approx 450 ova released ovulation
    during menstrual cycle during
    female lifetime. • If fertilised, the secondary oocyte
    divides to form a mature, fertilized
    ovum + 1 polar body

    • Zygote->morula->blastocyst-
    >embryo->fetus
    Oogenesis
    Mitosis
    Female Reproductive System:
    Internal Accessory Organs
    • Fallopian tube (oviducts)
    • Tubes that convey eggs from the
    ovaries to the uterus
    • Finger-like projections which
    sweeps the secondary oocyte into
    the funnel of oviduct.
    • Site of fertilisation
    • Ciliary action and peristalsis of
    smooth muscle helps to move the
    ovum or the zygote towards the
    uterus.
    • The most common site for ectopic
    (abnormal) pregnancy
    Female Reproductive System:
    Internal Accessory Organs (cont.)
    • Uterus (womb) • Wall of uterus
    • Shape and size of an • Endometrium
    inverted pear. • Inner lining with many glands
    • Lies behind urinary and blood vessels.
    bladder • Thickness varies with menstrual
    cycle in preparation for the
    • Site of implantation of possible implantation of an
    fertilised ovum. embryo
    • Contains and nourishes • Shed during menstruation if
    developing fetus during there is no implantation
    • Myometrium
    pregnancy
    • Muscular wall – consist of
    smooth muscles which contract
    during childbirth
    • Perimetrium
    • Outer most layer.
    Female Reproductive System:
    Internal Accessory Organs (cont.)
    • Vagina
    • Tubular, muscular organ
    • Extends from cervix to exterior
    • Muscular folds – rugae – enable
    expansion during sexual
    intercourse and childbirth.
    • Passage way for menstrual
    flow, receptacle for penis,
    semen deposition & birth canal
    during childbirth
    • Acid in mucus retards microbial
    growth (but reduces sperm
    motility)
    • The appearance of the cells forms
    the basis of the “PAP” test for
    cervical cancer.
    Female Reproductive System:
    External Genitalia
    • Collectively known as the vulva

    • Labia majora & labia minora


    • Outer larger and inner smaller pair of
    longitudinal folds of skin containing fat,
    smooth muscle & many sensory receptors.
    • Functions
    • Protect the vagina & urethra opening.
    • Produce mucus as lubricant during sexual
    intercourse & protect the clitoris from
    abrasion.
    Female Reproductive System:
    External Genitalia (cont.)
    • Clitoris
    • Female equivalent of the penis
    • Located at the top of vulva.
    • Contains nerves & erectile tissue & swell
    with blood, becoming erect when
    sexually stimulated.
    • Major source of sexual arousal during
    sexual intercourse.
    • Perineum
    • Between vagina and anus
    • Area for episiotomy, if needed, during
    birth process
    Female Reproductive System:
    Erection, Lubrication, and Orgasm
    • Nervous stimulation
    • Clitoris becomes erect
    • Bartholin’s glands activates –
    lubrication
    • Vagina elongates
    • Orgasm
    • Sufficient stimulation of clitoris
    • Walls of uterus and fallopian tubes
    contract to propel sperm up tubes
    Female Reproductive System: Hormones

    Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary


    GnRH
    secretes GnRH releases FSH & LH

    Estrogen and progesterone


    Ovaries to produce
    estrogen and  Responsible for development
    progesterone
    of secondary sex characteristics

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