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    Classical Mendelian Genetics

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    Angel Pearl Denero
    Classical genetics was developed in the mid-19th century by Gregor Mendel through experimentation with pea plants. Mendel established the fundamental laws of heredity, including the laws of segregation and independent assortment. He demonstrated that alleles segregate and are transmitted from parents to offspring in predictable ratios. Mendel's work formed the basis of classical genetics and laid the foundation for understanding patterns of inheritance.

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    Classical Mendelian Genetics

    Uploaded by

    Angel Pearl Denero
    282 views33 pages
    Classical genetics was developed in the mid-19th century by Gregor Mendel through experimentation with pea plants. Mendel established the fundamental laws of heredity, including the laws of segregation and independent assortment. He demonstrated that alleles segregate and are transmitted from parents to offspring in predictable ratios. Mendel's work formed the basis of classical genetics and laid the foundation for understanding patterns of inheritance.

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    Mendelian Genetics

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    Classical genetics was developed in the mid-19th century by Gregor Mendel through experimentation with pea plants. Mendel established the fundamental laws of heredity, including the laws of segregation and independent assortment. He demonstrated that alleles segregate and are transmitted from parents to offspring in predictable ratios. Mendel's work formed the basis of classical genetics and laid the foundation for understanding patterns of inheritance.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    282 views33 pages

    Classical Mendelian Genetics

    Uploaded by

    Angel Pearl Denero
    Classical genetics was developed in the mid-19th century by Gregor Mendel through experimentation with pea plants. Mendel established the fundamental laws of heredity, including the laws of segregation and independent assortment. He demonstrated that alleles segregate and are transmitted from parents to offspring in predictable ratios. Mendel's work formed the basis of classical genetics and laid the foundation for understanding patterns of inheritance.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 33

    Classical Genetics

    Gregor Mendel
    Vocabulary
    Genetics The scientific study of heredity
    Allele Alternate forms of a gene/factor
    Genotype Combination of alleles in an organism
    Phenotype How an organism appears
    Dominant An allele which is expressed (masks
    the other allele)
    Recessive An allele which is present but remains
    unexpressed

    Homozygous Both alleles for a trait are the same

    Heterozygous The organism’s alleles for a trait are


    different
    History

    developed in the
    mid 19th century by
    Gregor Mendel

    Developed the fundamental laws of heredity


    Blended Concept of Inheritance vs Particulate Theory of
    Inheritance
    Mendel chose garden peas (Pisum sativum) as his subjects
    as they are easily grown and their pollination is easily
    controlled. He controlled pollination by manually moving
    pollen between plants
    Developed True-breeding plants by self-pollination
    History

    developed in the
    mid 19th century by
    Gregor Mendel
    Why Mendel Was Successful:
    • Unbiased
    • Selected good model organism
    • Used pure breeds as parents
    • Large sample size
    • Quantitative analysis
    • Controlled experiments
    • Studied obvious traits
    History

    developed in the
    mid 19th century by
    Gregor Mendel
    MENDEL’S CONCLUSIONS
    Genes do not blend together. The hereditary
    determinants, or genes, maintain their integrity
    from generation to generation. They do not blend
    together, and they do not acquire characteristics in
    response to actions by an individual
    Peas have two versions, or alleles, of each gene.
    This is also true for many other organisms.
    Each gamete contains one allele of each gene.
    Pairs of alleles segregate during the formation
    of gametes
    Males and females contribute equally to the
    genotype of their offspring. When gametes
    fuse, offspring acquire a total of two alleles—
    one from each parent.
    Some alleles are dominant to others. When a
    dominant and recessive allele for the same gene
    are found in the same individual, that individual
    exhibits the dominant phenotype.
    History

    developed in the
    mid 19th century by
    Gregor Mendel
    Laws of Inheritance
    Law of
    Segregation
    Alleles occur in pairs and that in the
    formation of gametes, these segregate so
    that only one member of a pair goes into
    a particular gamete.

    Law of
    Independent Assortment
    based on dihybrid crosses where two genes
    are considered simultaneously
    alleles in different gene pairs separate
    cleanly from each other and randomly
    combine during gamete formation
    Punnett Squares
    Genetic problems can be easily solved using
    a tool called a punnett square.

    Tool for calculating genetic probabilities

    A punnett square
    Monohybrid cross

    Problem

    Tallness (T) is dominant over shortness (t) in


    pea plants. A Homozygous tall plant (TT) is
    crossed with a short plant (tt). What is the
    genotypic makeup of the offspring? The
    phenotypic makeup ?
    Punnett process
    Determine alleles of
    each parent
    TT tt

    Take each possible


    allele of each
    parent

    separate them,

    and place each


    allele on the square
    Punnett process

    Write the letter for


    each allele across
    each column or down
    each row.
    Punnett process

    If F1 offspring (Tt) self


    pollinates, what
    genotypes and
    phenotypes would be
    obtained?

    parent’s contribution:
    T and t
    Punnett process
    Results:

    3 genotypes (TT, Tt, & tt)


    1:2:1 genotypic ratio

    2 different phenotypes
    (Tall & short)
    3:1 phenotypic ratio
    Dihybrid crosses
    Dihybrid crosses are made when 2
    independent gene pairs are analyzed at
    the same time

    Example:

     Plant height (Tt)


    tall is dominant to short

     Flowercolor (Ww)
    Purple is dominant to white
    Dihybrid crosses
    Example
    P: tall, purple plant x short, white plant

    Gamete of
    tall, purple plant

    Gamete of
    short,white plant
    F1 generation
    Dihybrid crosses

    P: TtWw x TtWw

    F2 Generation
    Dihybrid crosses
    9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio
    9/16 - both dominant traits
    3/16 & 3/16 one of the recessive traits
    1/16 - both recessive traits
    DICHOTOMOUS BRANCHING METHOD
    To get the F2 genotypic ratio of the cross RrYy x RrYy, derive the expected
    genotypic ratios for each gene pair:
    Rr x Rr = 1 RR: 2Rr: 1 rr Yy x Yy = 1 YY: 2Yy : 1 yy

    Combine the different genotypes from each gene pair.

    1YY 1RRYY
    1 RR 2Yy 2RRYy
    1 yy 1RRyy

    1YY 2RrYY
    2 Rr 2Yy 4RrYy
    1yy 2Rryy

    1YY 1rrYY
    1rr 2Yy 2rrYy
    1yy 1rryy
    MENDELIAN DISORDERS IN HUMANS

    ptosis

    Progeria

    polydactyly
    achondroplasia
    ALBINISM
    ALBINISM
    Chromosomes and Classical Genetics

    Walter Sutton (1902)


    “chromosomes were the physical
    carriers of Mendel's alleles”

    Question:
    Why are the number of alleles which
    undergo independent assortment greater
    than the number of chromosomes of an
    organism?

     Linkage and crossing over


    Sex Linkage

    All chromosomes are homologous


    except on sex chromosomes.
    X or Y

    XX – female XY – male

    X a ≠ Y a
    Human Sex Linkage
    Hemophilia
    Disorder of the blood where clotting does
    not occur properly due to a faulty protein.
    Hemophilia and Royalty
    Other Factors Multiple Alleles
    Phenotypes are controlled by more than 1
    allele.
    e.g. Blood types

    ABO
    Rh Blood
    Factortyping
    3 alleles determine blood types
    A, B, and O
    Rh + Rh-
    blood type combinations
    A
    B A+ B+ AB+ O+
    A- B- AB-
    AB (Universal recipient)
    O (Universal donor)
    O-
    Other Factors Incomplete Dominance

    Some alleles for a gene


    are not completely
    dominant over the others.
    Other Factors Continuous Variation

    traits that have a


    wide range of
    continuous values.
    e.g. Human height
    Other Factors Gene Interactions

    Two gene pairs of different loci interact


    together for one phenotype

    e.g. Epistasis
    Other Factors Environmental Effects

    Sometimes genes will not be fully


    expressed owing to external factors.

    Example: Human height

    Phenotype = Genotype x Environment


    The
    Average
    American
    Phenotype

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