Lesson 7 Slides

Pumps, Compressors, Fans
Basic definitions
• What is a pump?
• What is the difference between a pump and a compressor?
• What is the difference between a fan and a blower?

Basic Definitions
• A machine in which the transfer of energy from moving parts to the fluid –takes
place is classified as pumps.
• If the primary objective is to increase the pressure of the gas, the machine is
termed a compressor
• A machine used primarily for causing the movement of a gas is termed as a fan or
blower.
Pumps
• Moves Liquid, Creates Pressure

– Vapor bubbles
• Causes Cavitations
• Erodes Impeller
– Solids Erode Impeller
• Pump Types
– Centrifugal
– Positive Displacement
• Piston
• diaphragm
• Pump Power = 𝑄ሶ × 𝛻𝑃 = brake (delivered) (horse) power from motor

Sectional View of a Typical Centrifugal Pump
Discharge pressure
Intake pressure
Impeller Types
Mukesh Sahden: Associate Content writer

Centrifugal Pumps
Basic Requirements for Trouble-Free Operation

of Centrifugal Pumps
– no cavitation of the pump occurs throughout the broad operating range
• Non-uniformity of flow many cause the pressure to vary widely. There may be on the low-pressure
side of the rotor region in which the pressure falls to values considerable below atmospheric. In a
liquid, if the pressure at the point falls to the vapour pressure, (at the temperature concerned), the
liquid there boils and small bubbles of vapour forms in large numbers. These bubbles are carried
along by the flow and on reaching a point where the pressure is higher they suddenly collapses as the
vapour condenses to liquid again. A point of cavity results and the surrounding liquid rushes in to fill
it. The liquid moving from all directions collides at the centre of the cavity, thus giving rise to very
high local pressures (up to 1GPa). Any solid surface in the vicinity is also subjected to these intense
pressures, because, even if the cavities are not actually at the solid surface, the pressure are
propagated from the cavities by pressure waves
• The intense pressure, even though acting for only a very short period over a relatively small area, can
cause severe damage to the surface. The materials ultimately fails by fatigue aided perhaps by
corrosion, and the surface becomes badly scored and pitted.
– a certain minimum continuous flow is always maintained during operation pump

around loops
Illustration of Cavitations Process and the Damage
This figure shows cavitation occurring This figure illustrate the damage
B.S. Massey 1989

Action to Avoid Cavitations
• Everything possible should therefore be done to eliminate cavitation in fluid machinery
, that is, to ensure that at every point the pressure of the liquid is above the vapour
pressure. Since cavitation begins when the pressure reaches too low a value, it is likely
to occur at point where the velocity or the elevation is high, and particularly at those
where high velocity and high elevation are combined.

Cavitation in Centrifugal Pump
• Cavitation is likely to occur on the inlet side of a pump particularly if the pump is
situated at a level well above the surface of the liquid in the supply reservoir. For the
sake of good efficiency and the prevention of damage to the impeller, cavitation should
be avoided.
• A cavitation number for centrifugal pumps may be derived by applying the energy
equation between the surface of liquid in the supply reservoir and the entry to the
impeller (where the pressure is a minimum ), we have for steady conditions:
(7.1)
– Here v1 represents the fluid velocity at the point where the static pressure has its least value Pmin
– Z1 the elevation of this point above the surface of the liquid in the reservoir
– P0 is the pressure at that surface (usually, but not necessary atmospheric)
Strainers and non-return valves are commonly fitted to intake pipes. The term hf must therefore include the
head loss occurring, past these devices, in addition to losses caused by ordinary pipe friction, and bends in
the pipe.
Cavitation in Centrifugal Pump Con
• For a particular design of pump operating under specific conditions the following
relationship could be assumed:
(7.2)
• Thus the first element may be taken as a particular proportion of the head developed by
the pump. Then rearranging equation 7.1 will give the following:
(7.3)
• For cavitation not to occur P min must be greater than Pv, the vapour pressure of the
liquid i.e. where;
(7.4)
• is the critical value of this parameter at which appreciable cavitation begins.

Experiments show that is related to the speed of the pump.
• H is the Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)

Different Types of Pump Head
Different Types of Pump Head
• Total Static Head - Total head when the pump is not running
• Total Dynamic Head (Total System Head) - Total head when the pump is running
• Static Suction Head - Head on the suction side, with pump off, if the head is higher
than the pump impeller
• Static Suction Lift - Head on the suction side, with pump off, if the head is lower than
the pump impeller
• Static Discharge Head - Head on discharge side of pump with the pump off
• Dynamic Suction Head/Lift - Head on suction side of pump with pump on
• Dynamic Discharge Head - Head on discharge side of pump with pump on

Total Dynamic Head
• Is defined as
• Here the pressure “P” and velocity “v” are measured at the pump outlet and hƒ is the
total friction loss, from the entrance to the exit including minor losses.
• At zero flow with pump running the total dynamic head is defined as
• In some cases the last element in the equation above is zero.
• The elevation change (E levation) is positive for an increase in elevation, thus lifting the
water.
The Importance of Periphery Speed
• The design, operation, or performance of some rotating pump parts are affected by their
peripheral speeds so it is important that their magnitude are known.
– Impeller outside diameter – it determines the head it develops, and affects its materials selection. Slurry
requires low peripheral speed, etc.
– Impeller eye diameter – it determines the pump net positive suction head (NPSH), and affects the onset of
suction flow recirculation
Pump Performance Curves
Resistance
Pump Efficiency and Power
• The pump efficiency is given by equation
• Pump efficiency is often given by the manufacture
• Water horsepower is defined by the equation

Pump Performance Curves Con
Pump Performance Curves Con
Affinity Laws
• The affinity laws for centrifugal pump describes the impact of changes in speed or
impeller diameter on pump flow, head and horsepower. (Steve Wilson – pump Affinity
Laws for centrifugal pumps).
• these laws are useful tools in predicting pump performance changes when speed or
impeller diameter are changed.
• The Affinity Laws states that:

– Flow will change directly when there is a change in speed or impeller diameter
– Heads will change as the square of a change in speed or impeller diameter
– Brake Horsepower will change as the cube of a change in speed or impeller diameter
• Pump Operating Speed
Here Q is flow rate; N is pump speed (rpm); H is head; and BHP is brake horsepower
• The first relationship involving Q is valid for most pumps. The second and third
relationship are valid for centrifugal, mixed-flow and axial-flow pumps (Merkley and
Allen).
Affinity Laws Con
• Impeller diameter
• These three relationships are valid only for centrifugal pumps, and they are not as
accurate as those involving pump operating speed N (rpm)
• The Affinity Laws are only valid within a certain range of speeds, impeller diameter, flow
rates and heads.
• The Affinity laws are more accurate near the region of maximum pump efficiency (which
is where the pump should operate if it is selected correctly).
• It is more common to apply these laws to reduce the operating speed or to reduce the
impeller diameter (diameter is never increase).
• We typically use these Affinity Laws to fix the operating point by shifting the pump
characteristics curve so that it intersects the system curve at the desired Q and TDH.
Merklet and Allen
Other Head Losses in Pipes
• Earlier we discussed head losses caused by friction in a uniform straight pipe, losses
caused by change in the cross section, bend, valves and fittings of all kind. In long pipes
these extra losses may, without serious error, be neglected in comparison with the
ordinary friction loss.
• Although they are often termed “minor” or secondary losses, they may outweigh the
ordinary friction loss in short pipes.
• The head loss is therefore expressed as
• For high Reynolds number the value of “k” is practically constant

Lesson 7 Slides

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lesson 7 Slides

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lesson 7 Slides

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pumps, Compressors, Fans

• What is the difference between a pump and a compressor?

• What is the difference between a fan and a blower?

• Moves Liquid, Creates Pressure

• Pump Power = 𝑄ሶ × 𝛻𝑃 = brake (delivered) (horse) power from motor

Mukesh Sahden: Associate Content writer

Basic Requirements for Trouble-Free Operation

– a certain minimum continuous flow is always maintained during operation pump

B.S. Massey 1989

• Everything possible should therefore be done to eliminate cavitation in fluid machinery

where high velocity and high elevation are combined.

• is the critical value of this parameter at which appreciable cavitation begins.

• H is the Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)

• Dynamic Suction Head/Lift - Head on suction side of pump with pump on

• Dynamic Discharge Head - Head on discharge side of pump with pump on

• In some cases the last element in the equation above is zero.

• Pump efficiency is often given by the manufacture

• Water horsepower is defined by the equation

• The Affinity Laws states that:

• Pump Operating Speed

• The head loss is therefore expressed as

• For high Reynolds number the value of “k” is practically constant

You might also like