PWM Techniques

PWM Techniques
14-4-2019(AN)
Ms.B.Sujatha
Associate Professor in EEE Department
BVRIT HYDERABAD College of Engineering for Women
Hyderabad
Pre-requisites:
Basic Knowledge on these topic would be beneficiary

 Inverter Operation
Objective:
 To familiarize the students with various PWM techniques
Outcomes:
 Students will be able to understand and analysis on various PWM
techniques and where to use these methods.
 Introduction:
 Because of the advances in solid state power devices and

microprocessor, PWM inverters are becoming more and more
popular in today’s motor drives.
 To achieve voltage control with in the inverter and to reduce the
harmonic contents in the output voltage, PWM inverters are used.
 In PWM Inverters, width of the output pulses are modulated to
achieve the voltage control.
 Why Pulse Width Modulation?
 PWM inverters make it possible to control both the frequency and

magnitude of the voltage applied to a motor.
 PWM inverter powered motor drives offer better efficiency and

higher performances compared to fixed frequency motor drives.
 Lower order harmonics can be eliminated or minimized along with

its output voltage control.
 Higher order harmonics can be eliminated easily with filters.

Pulse Width Modulation Techniques:
 Basic PWM Techniques

 Single-pulse width modulation
 Multiple-pulse width modulation
 Sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation
 Advanced PWM Techniques

 Trapezoidal modulation
 Staircase modulation
 Stepped modulation
 Delta modulation
 Space Vector Pulse Width modulation (SVPWM)
Single Pulse Width Modulation :
 In a Single PWM technique , there is only one pulse per half cycle and
width of the pulse is controlled to control the inverter output voltage
 The control signals are generated by comparing rectangular reference
signal of amplitude (Ar) with that of triangular carrier wave of amplitude(Ac).
 The variation of Ar is from 0 to π, the pulse width “2d” can be varied from 0
to π.
 The output voltage is controlled by varying the pulse width 2d. This output
voltage is called quasi-square wave.
 Amplitude modulation index:
 The ratio of Ar/Ac is a control variable, and it is defined as amplitude
modulation index(or) simply M.I.
 Modulation index is (M.I) = Ar/Ac
 The output voltage is analysed by using Fourier Series.
Single Pulse Width Modulation :
Multiple PWM Technique:
 This method of pulse modulation is an extension of single pulse
modulation.
 In multiple pulse modulation, several equidistant pulses per half
cycles are used.
 It can be shown that for a larger value of pulses per half cycle, the
amplitudes of lower order harmonics are reduced but those of
some higher harmonics are increased significantly.
 But there is no disadvantage as higher order harmonics can be
filtered out easily.
 Control Signals are generated by comparing rectangular reference
signal with triangular carrier wave. It is also known as Uniform
PWM.
Multiple PWM Technique
9 8/13/2019
Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM):
 In the case of multiple pulse width modulation, several pulses per

half-cycle are used as.
 Instead of maintaining the width of all pulses the same as in the
case of multiple-pulse modulation, the width of each pulse is
varied proportional to the amplitude of a sine-wave evaluated at
the center of the same pulse.
 By comparing sinusoidal reference signal with a triangular carrier
wave frequency, the gating signals are generated.
 Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM)
 Sinusoidal PWM has been a very popular technique used in AC
motor control.
 Sinusoidal PWM pattern can be generated by comparing three
phase sine waves (reference wave) with triangular wave, which is
known as the carrier wave.(In 3-phase).
 The reference signal (Vr) which is generally sinusoidal is compared
with the high frequency triangular wave (Vc) of constant amplitude,
Vc.
 When Vr > Vc output will be high (state-1) and
 When Vr < Vc output will be low (state-0)
 The modulation index m=Vr/Vc.
Advantages of Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation:
 Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) is used to control the
inverter output voltage and maintains good performance to
synthesize AC voltage wave forms in several applications, such as,
Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), motor drives.
 Lower order harmonics are reduced substantially.
 The harmonic currents are made very small when compared to
single pulse or multiple pulse.
 For modulation index greater than one, lower order harmonics will
appear because for modulation index greater than one, pulse width
is no longer a sinusoidal function of the angular position of the pulse.
References :
 Power Electronics Circuits, Devices and Applications by
Dr.M.H.Rashid, Third Edition, Pearson Education.
 Power Electronics by Ms.K.Hari Babu, Revised Edition, Scitech
Publications(India) Private Limited
 NPTEL Video/Lectures on Advanced Power Electronics and
Control by Dr.Avik Bhattacharya, IIT Roorkee.
Thank you

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PWM Techniques

Basic Knowledge on these topic would be beneficiary

 Because of the advances in solid state power devices and

 PWM inverters make it possible to control both the frequency and

 PWM inverter powered motor drives offer better efficiency and

 Lower order harmonics can be eliminated or minimized along with

 Higher order harmonics can be eliminated easily with filters.

 Basic PWM Techniques

 Advanced PWM Techniques

 In the case of multiple pulse width modulation, several pulses per

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