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    Biochemistry: Carbon Compounds

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    Carbon compounds are the basis of life on Earth. Carbon readily forms covalent bonds with itself and other elements, resulting in an enormous variety of organic compounds. These compounds contain monomers that link through condensation reactions to form polymers, or macromolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Cells use ATP as an energy currency, harnessing the energy released when its phosphate bonds break to power metabolic reactions.

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    Biochemistry: Carbon Compounds

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    Carbon compounds are the basis of life on Earth. Carbon readily forms covalent bonds with itself and other elements, resulting in an enormous variety of organic compounds. These compounds contain monomers that link through condensation reactions to form polymers, or macromolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Cells use ATP as an energy currency, harnessing the energy released when its phosphate bonds break to power metabolic reactions.

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    Carbon compounds are the basis of life on Earth. Carbon readily forms covalent bonds with itself and other elements, resulting in an enormous variety of organic compounds. These compounds contain monomers that link through condensation reactions to form polymers, or macromolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Cells use ATP as an energy currency, harnessing the energy released when its phosphate bonds break to power metabolic reactions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    40 views10 pages

    Biochemistry: Carbon Compounds

    Uploaded by

    api-464344582
    Carbon compounds are the basis of life on Earth. Carbon readily forms covalent bonds with itself and other elements, resulting in an enormous variety of organic compounds. These compounds contain monomers that link through condensation reactions to form polymers, or macromolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Cells use ATP as an energy currency, harnessing the energy released when its phosphate bonds break to power metabolic reactions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 10

    Biochemistry

    Carbon compounds
    Although water is the primary medium
    for life on Earth, most of the molecules
    from which living organisms are made
    are based on the element of carbon.
    Student Objectives

    1. Distinguish between organic and inorganic molecules.


    2. Explain the importance of carbon bonding in biological molecules.
    3. Identify functional groups in biological molecules.
    4. Summarize how large carbon molecules are synthesized and broken down.
    5. Describe how the breaking down of ATP supplies energy to drive chemical
    reactions.
    Carbon Bonding

     Organic compounds are made primarily


    of carbon atoms.
     Inorganic compounds, with a few
    exceptions, do not contain carbon
    compounds.
     A carbon atom has four electrons in its
    outermost energy level. Most atoms
    become stable when their outermost
    energy levels contain eight electrons.
     A carbon forms four covalent bonds with
    the atoms of other elements.
     Carbon also readily bonds with other
    carbon atoms.
     This tendency of carbon to bond with
    itself results in an enormous variety of
    organic compounds.
    Carbon bonding

     A bond formed when two atoms


    share one pair of electrons is
    called a single bond.
     A carbon atom can also share two
    or even three pairs of electrons
    with another atom.
     In a double bond – represented by
    two lines – atoms share two pairs
    of electrons.
    Functional groups

     Functional groups influence the characteristics of the molecules they


    compose and the chemical reactions the molecules undergo.
     Hydroxyl
     Carboxyl
     Amino
     Phosphate
    Large carbon molecules

     Monomer are smaller simples molecules.


     A polymer is a molecule that consist of repeated, linked units.
     The units may be identical or structurally related to each other.
     Large polymers are called macromolecules. (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
    and nucleic acids)
    Condensation reaction

     Monomers link to form polymers through a chemical reaction called


    condensation reaction.
     Each time a monomer is added to a polymer, a water molecule is released.
     H+ and OH- are released to then combine to produce a water molecule H2O.
     In a hydrolysis reaction, water is used to break down a polymer.
    Energy Currency

     Life processes require a constant supply of energy.


     Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
     The covalent bonds between the phosphate groups are more unstable than
    the other bonds in the ATP molecule because the phosphate groups are close
    together and have negative charges.
     When a bond between the phosphate groups is broken, energy is released.
    Review

    1. How do organic and inorganic compounds differ?


    2. How do carbon bonding properties contribute to the existence of a wide
    variety of biological molecules?
    3. Name four types of functional groups.
    4. What role do functional groups play in the molecules in which they are found?
    5. How are monomers, polymers, and macromolecules related to each other?
    6. How is a polymer broken down?
    7. Why is ATP referred to as the ‘energy currency’ in living things?

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