Lec - 2 - Theory of Projection - 1

ME-102
Engineering Graphics
Lecture #: 2
Projection Theory
(Part: One)
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences & Technology
OBJECT FEATURES
Edges are lines that represent the boundary
between two faces.
Corners Represent the intersection of two or

more edges.
Edge Edge No edge
Corner No corner No corner

OBJECT FEATURES
Surfaces are areas that are bounded by edges
or limiting element.
Limiting is a line that represents the last visible
element part of the curve surface.
Surface Surface Surface
Limit
Limit
PROJECTION THEORY
The projection theory is used to graphically represent

3-D objects on 2-D media (paper, computer screen).
The projection theory is based on two variables:

1) Line of sight: A line of sight (LOS) is an imaginary ray of
light between an observer’s eye and an object.
2) Plane of projection (image plane or picture plane)
A plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane upon which the
image created by the lines of sight is projected.
4
PROJECTION METHOD
Perspective Parallel
Oblique Orthographic
Axonometric Multiview
5
Line of sight is an imaginary ray of light between an
observer’s eye and an object.(projectors)
There are 2 types of LOS : parallel and converge
Parallel projection Perspective projection

Line of sight
Line of sight
6
Plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane which
the image is created.
The image is produced by connecting the points where

the LOS pierce the projection plane.
Parallel projection Perspective projection

Plane of projection Plane of projection
7
Orthographic projection is a parallel projection
technique in which the parallel lines of sight are
perpendicular to the projection plane
Object views from top

1
2
1 5 2 3 4
5
3
Projection plane
8
ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
Orthographic view depends on relative position of the object
to the line of sight.
Rotate
Two dimensions of an
object is shown. Tilt
More than one view is needed

to represent the object.
Multiview drawing
Three dimensions of an object is shown.
Axonometric drawing
9
ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
NOTES
Orthographic projection technique can produce either

1. Multiview drawing : that each view show an object in two
dimensions.
2. Axonometric drawing : that show all three dimensions of
an object in one view.
Both drawing types are used in technical drawing for

communication.
10
Axonometric (Isometric) Drawing
Advantage Easy to understand
Disadvantage Shape and angle distortion
Example Distortions of shape and size in isometric drawing
Circular hole
becomes ellipse.
Right angle becomes obtuse angle.

11
Multiview Drawing
Advantage It represents accurate shape and size.
Disadvantage Require practice in writing and reading.
Example Multiviews drawing (2-view drawing)
12
MULTIVIEW PROJECTION
Three principle dimensions … can be presented only
of an object … two in each view.
Adjacent view(s)
Depth
is needed to
Height fulfill the size
description.
Width Depth
Height
Width Depth 13
TO OBTAIN MULTIVIEW
REPRESENTATION OF AN OBJECT
1. Revolve the object with respect

to observer.
2. The observer move around the

object.
14
REVOLVE THE OBJECT
Top view
Front view Right side view 15

OBSERVER MOVE AROUND
Top view
Front view Right side view 16

THE GLASS BOX CONCEPT
Rear view
Left side view
Bottom view 17
History
Depth
Width
Height
18
Six Principal View
(Object in Glass Box)
Page 19 of 30
Six Principal Views
Six principal views produced
by mutually perpendicular
planes of projection.
Page 20 of 30
PROJECTION SYSTEMS
1. First angle system
- European country
- ISO standard First Quadrant
2. Third angle system

- Canada, USA,
Japan, Mostly In PAK
Third
Quadrant
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
1st angle system 3rd angle system
ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
Folding
line
Folding
line
Folding
line
Folding
line
ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
Right Side View Front View Top View
Top View Front View Right Side View

PROJECTION SYMBOLS
First angle system Third angle system
How to make an Orthogonal Multi-View Drawing
1. Draw the front view.

2. Then project the view vertically
to form the top view.
3. Project lines from the top and
front views to make the side
view. You need to construct a 45
degree line to achieve this.
End of Lecture 2
Thank you….
27

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ME-102

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Corners Represent the intersection of two or

Corner No corner No corner

The projection theory is used to graphically represent

The projection theory is based on two variables:

There are 2 types of LOS : parallel and converge

Parallel projection Perspective projection

The image is produced by connecting the points where

Parallel projection Perspective projection

Object views from top

More than one view is needed

Three dimensions of an object is shown.

Orthographic projection technique can produce either

Both drawing types are used in technical drawing for

Disadvantage Shape and angle distortion

Example Distortions of shape and size in isometric drawing

Right angle becomes obtuse angle.

Disadvantage Require practice in writing and reading.

Example Multiviews drawing (2-view drawing)

1. Revolve the object with respect

2. The observer move around the

Front view Right side view 15

Front view Right side view 16

Left side view

2. Third angle system

Right Side View Front View Top View

Top View Front View Right Side View

1. Draw the front view.

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