IDEOLOGI PANCASILA

Arief Rahman, M.Pd

CONCEPT OF IDEOLOGY
 Ideology derives from the Greek word ideologia (idein =
to see; logia = knowledge/theory).
 This term was coined by the French philosopher
Antoine Destutt de Tracy ( 1754-1836) as ideologie: “the
science of ideas”, an epistemological adaptation from
John Locke’s view (“all science is empirical”).
● De Tracy was influenced by the English philosopher

Francis Bacon, who thinks that all science has to serve the
progress of humanity by freeing humans from prejudices
while at the same time validating the authority of the
human reason.
MEANING OF IDEOLOGY
 (Terminological perspective):
an ideology is a way of life or a
code of conduct or a thinking result
which shows the characteristics of
an individual or a group of people.
 the characteristics or the
idiosyncracy of a group of
people in a society or a political
party.
CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEOLOGY

An ideology is characterised by being:

1. based on a fundamental rational

thought.
2. equipped with a particular system to
administer the life of a group.
3. containing a practical implementational
method.
 FUNCTIONS OF AN IDEOLOGY
An ideology generally :
1. explains in a comprehensive way the relation
between mankind and the world.
2. provides a general direction for a political
organization.
3. directs the implementation of the programs
through strife.
4. not only attracts the attention of its
adherents, but also instills a conviction in
them to be committed to the strife.
5. targets a vast public, but based on
intellectual considerations.
 VALUES OF AN IDEOLOGY
1. Objective values
 Foundation for intersubjective values.
 Political, objective, inherent and transcendent
2. Intersubjective values
 Values that result from the confrontation of man’s
awareness with objective values
3. Practical values
 Values discovered after the implementation
of an ideology.
 IDEOLOGY AND RELIGION
 An ideology is a conception or a way of
thinking of an individual towards a
certain thing. A religion is a doctrine.
 An ideology may easily be found in a
religion, but a religion may not be
existent in an ideology.
 There are a lot of differences between an
ideology and a religion.
IDEOLOGY AND RELIGION
1. Religion: Arguments based on divine codes and
dependent on transcendental power
 Ideology: the capacity of the human mind is conceived as
being able to provide answers to the human problems
logically.
2. Religion: gives a vision of a just and prosperous society
but does not contain a political theory to achieve this
state (prosperity).
 Ideology: provides a political theory which may give a
guidance in all the political praxis.
3. Religion: points to the state of life’s purity by fostering
religious consciousness and even ascetic, sacrificial
practices
 Ideology: gives aggressive directions and implementational
steps in the form of practical political actions which
sometimes involve revolutionary measures.
 IDEOLOGY AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
• A political philosophy is at the origin of an
ideology. Thus, an ideology can be traced back
to its roots by looking at the political
philosophy which grounds it.
• A political philosophy emphasizes the necessity
of continually criticising an ideology so as to
avoid a blind conviction and allegiance to an
ideology.
• A political philosophy provides a variety of
ways to interpret an ideology, so that there can
be no monopoly of interpretation.
 POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY: Ex.1
 The Italian philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli (1469 –
1527) was a modern ideologist. He was a Florentine
historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher,
humanist, and writer during the Renaissance.
 He was for many years an official in the Florentine
Republic, with responsibilities in diplomatic and
military affairs. He was a founder of modern
political science, and more specifically political
ethics.
 His masterpiece, The Prince, conveys his views on the
importance of a strong ruler who was not afraid to
be harsh with his subjects and enemies.
 POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY:
 “Machiavellianism” is a widely used negative term to
characterize unscrupulous politicians of the sort
Machiavelli described in The Prince.
 The book itself gained enormous notoriety and wide
readership because the author seemed to be endorsing
behavior often deemed as evil and immoral.
 Because of this, "Machiavellian" is often associated
with deceit, deviousness, ambition, and brutality.
 Machiavelli emphasized the occasional need for the
methodical exercise of brute force or deceit including
extermination of entire noble families to head off any
chance of a challenge to the prince's authority.
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY: Ex.2
 John Locke (1632 –1704) was an English
philosopher regarded as the "Father of Classical
Liberalism“. He is equally important to social
contract theory. His work greatly affected the
development of epistemology and political
philosophy. His writings influenced Voltaire and
Rousseau, as well as the American revolutionaries.
His contributions to liberal theory are reflected in
the United States Declaration of Independence.
 Nowadays, all political systems and actions may be
justified through the degree of observance of
democracy, elaborations of the human rights,
equality of chance for a decent living. All these
concepts are derived from the initial ideas of John
Locke’s philosophy.
 STATE AND IDEOLOGY
 An ideology provides legitimacy for the founding of a new
state. A state is founded on the basis of systematic
concepts to which all the citizens adhere. These concepts
are values like peace, prosperity, and security.
 But an ideology also “needs” a state. It has to be buttressed
by a state’s power, in the sense that the state adheres to it
and founds all its measures and actions on the ideology it
adheres to. The support is needed as a state can enforce it
so that all the citizens come to adhere to it.
 An ideology is like an abstract program of a state, to be
implemented through concrete legislation. So, an ideology
and a state are complimentary to one another.
IDEOLOGIES OF THE WORLD
1. Liberalism-capitalism
2. Marxism-communism
3. Social Democracy
4. Fascism
IDEOLOGIES OF THE WORLD
Liberalism-capitalism
 Liberalism is an ideology, a philosophical
view, or a political tradition which is
founded on the conception that freedom is
the capital political value.
 The ideas of orthodox liberalism exerted a
strong influence on the thoughts of The
Founding Fathers of America, such as
George Wythe, Patrick Henry, Benjamin
Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson.
 IDEOLOGIES OF THE WORLD
Characteristics of liberal ideology :
1. Democracy is the better form of government
2. Citizens enjoy full intellectual freedom, including freedom of
speech, of religion and freedom of press.
3. The government regulates the life of the community only in a
restricted way. Only a few decisions are made on behalf of the
people, so as to enable the people to make their own decisions.
4. Authority of an individual over another is not considered good.
5. The whole of the society is said to be content, when each
individual or the majority of the individuals is content.
6. Certain rights remain unalienable and unoverridable by any
authority.
IDEOLOGIES OF THE WORLD
 Capitalism may be understood as an economic
system, in which the production and distribution
means are owned by the private sector and
economic growth depends on the accumulation
and investment of profit in the free market.
 On the other hand, capitalism can be understood
in a political sense as a social system which
relies on the principle of private ownership.
 Adam Smith is known as the father of
liberalism.
Capitalism
 Adam Smith of Scotland discovered a
powerful unseen force in economics
known as the “invisible hand.” If
government allows free enterprise to
flourish on its own without interfer-ence,
then an “invisible hand” harnesses the
power of self-interest for the overall good
of society. Companies are guided by this
“invisible hand” to work in a way that is
beneficial to others, and the overall
wealth and progress of society will
Capitalism
He explained how the basis of wealth is
found in a free economy with an
unregulated exchange of goods, whereby
the supply of goods and services responds
in an efficient way to the demand of the
public without government intervention. He
advocated the concept of laissez faire,
which means “allow to do” or, more simply,
“hands off” by government.
Capitalism
“Capitalism” became the prevailing economic
theory in Britain as a result of the insights of
Adam Smith and others. The Merriam-Webster
online dictionary defines capitalism as follows: “an
economic system characterized by private or
corporate ownership of capital goods, by
investments that are determined by private
decision, and by prices, production, and the
distribution of goods that are determined mainly
by competition in a free market.”
IDEOLOGIES OF THE WORLD
Marxism-communism
 Marxism is a conception which derives from the thinking of
Karl Marx.
 Marx constructed a macro theory which has a bearing on the
economic, social, and political system.
 Adherents to this theory are known as Marxists
 The thinking of Karl Marx divides into two parts:
1. First, “the young Marx” when he propounded his theory
about “the human estrangement”
2. Second, “the older Marx” when he arrived at the maturity
of this theory about political economy.
 IDEOLOGIES OF THE WORLD
 Karl Heinrich Marx (1818 –1883) was a German philosopher, and
an expert in political economy and a theorician of community life.
 Communism was a major world ideology.
 Features of Communist ideology:
1. Communism is based on atheism, a view that rejects faith in
God. A communist thinks that God does not exist, when he
thinks that God does not exist. But if he thinks that God exists,
then God exists. Thus, the existence of God depends on
mankind.
2. Communism has no appreciation for the human dignity as an
individual. Man is a machine. When he is old, worn out, he is
just as good as remains of a machine.
Marxism
 Marxism is a worldview and method of
societal analysis that focuses on class relations
and societal conflict, that uses a materialis
interpretation of historical development, and a
dialectical view of social transformation.
 Marxist methodology uses economic and socio-
political inquiry and applies that to the critique
and analysis of the development of capitalism
and the role of class struggle in systemic
economic change.
 Marxism
 Marxism builds on a materialist understanding of
societal development, taking as its starting point
the necessary economic activities required to
satisfy the material needs of human society.
 The form of economic organization or mode of
production is understood to give rise to, or at
least directly influences, most other social
phenomena – including social relations, political
and legal systems, morality and ideology.
 Thus, the economic system and social relations
are called a base and superstructure.
Marxism
 As the forces of production (most notably
technology) improve, existing forms of social
organization become inefficient and stifle further
progress. These inefficiencies manifest themselves as
social contradictions in the form of class struggle.
 Marxism has developed into different branches and
schools of thought. Different schools place a greater
emphasis on certain aspects of classical Marxism
while de-emphasizing or rejecting other aspects of
Marxism, sometimes combining Marxist analysis with
non-Marxian concepts.
Communism
 Communism (from Latin communis – common,
universal) is a socioeconomic system structured
upon the common ownership of the means of
production and characterized by the absence of
social classes, money, and the state; as well as a
social, political and economic ideology and
movement that aims to establish this social order.
 Communism is represented by a variety of
schools of thought, which broadly include
Marxism, anarchism and the political ideologies
grouped around both.
Communism
 All these hold in common the analysis that the
current order of society stems from its economic
system, capitalis, that in this system, there are two major
social classes: the proletariat - who must work to
survive, and who make up a majority of society - and the
capitalist class - a minority who derive profit from
employing the proletariat, through private ownership of
the means of production, and that political, social and
economic conflict between these two classes will trigger
a fundamental change in the economic system, and by
extension a wide-ranging transformation of society. The
primary element which will enable this transformation,
according to communism, is the social ownership of the
means of production.
IDEOLOGIES OF THE WORLD
Social Democracy
 The philosopher credited with the
propagation of the idea of social
democracy is Edward Bernstein with his
book Evolutionary Socialism (published
in 1899).
 Social democracy ia a political ideology
which combines socialism and elements
from capitalism that are deemed suitable.
 IDEOLOGIES OF THE WORLD
Fascism
 Fascism is a modern ideology which attempts to
give a direction to the socio-economic and
cultural life of a state on the basis of a heightened
nationalistic feeling.
 Fascism involves also a government structure.
 A state administered under fascistic ideology is
charact-erised by a separation of the society on
the basis of a superficial quality or belief system.
 Fascism derives from the Italian word fascia,
meaning a bunch.
THE PANCASILA IDEOLOGY
Pancasila, the founding philosophy of Indonesia,
is an ideology, as it bears the characteristics of an
ideology. An ideology may be understood by:
1.Analyzing the paradigms used in the philosophy
of Pancasila, so that its coherence becomes
evident when it becomes an ideology.
2.Examining the Constitution as a reflection of the
relationship between the state and the Pancasila
ideology.
3.Examining the state’s policy and positive law.
THE PANCASILA IDEOLOGY
 Pancasila functions as an ideology, because
Pancasila contains fundamental and rational
philosophical values.
 Pancasila is also the embodiment of the
Indonesian national consensus, because the actual
Indonesian state is a modern state design that was
agreed upon by the founders of the Indonesian
Republic, while its philosophical contents will be
passed on from generation to generation.
PANCASILA AS AN OPEN IDEOLOGY
 Viewed from its basic charateristics, Pancasila
can be understood as an open ideology.
 As an open ideology, Pancasila reflects the
dimensions of ideality, normativity and reality.
 The characteristics of an open ideology is that the
aims that the community wants to achieve does
not come from outside or imposed by a certain
entrepreneurial elite group. It remains open to
external changes, yet preserves the freedom and
integrity to determine which external values shall
affect and change the existing fundamental
values and which values shall remain unchanged.
PANCASILA AS AN OPEN IDEOLOGY

Dimension of ideology :
 1.Idealisticity

◦ This dimension includes the intersubjective values held

as the ideals of the Indonesian citizens in their civic life.
 2.Practicality

◦ This dimension encompasses the implementation of the

intersubjective values as the guidance for the daily civic
life of the Indonesian citizens.
 3.Flexibility

◦ This spatial dimension enables the ideology to be

interpreted fairly freely, so that it becomes highly
contextual.