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    Introduction and Overview: Questions Answered in This Lecture

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    Karan Gupta
    This document provides an overview of operating systems. It discusses what an operating system is, how operating systems have evolved over time in response to changes in hardware and user needs, and why studying operating systems is important. Key points covered include the role of the OS in providing abstractions of hardware resources and coordinating access to resources, a brief history of early batch processing and time-sharing systems, and core components of modern operating systems like process scheduling, memory management, and file systems.

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    Introduction and Overview: Questions Answered in This Lecture

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    Karan Gupta
    20 views16 pages
    This document provides an overview of operating systems. It discusses what an operating system is, how operating systems have evolved over time in response to changes in hardware and user needs, and why studying operating systems is important. Key points covered include the role of the OS in providing abstractions of hardware resources and coordinating access to resources, a brief history of early batch processing and time-sharing systems, and core components of modern operating systems like process scheduling, memory management, and file systems.

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    Lecture 1

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    This document provides an overview of operating systems. It discusses what an operating system is, how operating systems have evolved over time in response to changes in hardware and user needs, and why studying operating systems is important. Key points covered include the role of the OS in providing abstractions of hardware resources and coordinating access to resources, a brief history of early batch processing and time-sharing systems, and core components of modern operating systems like process scheduling, memory management, and file systems.

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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    20 views16 pages

    Introduction and Overview: Questions Answered in This Lecture

    Uploaded by

    Karan Gupta
    This document provides an overview of operating systems. It discusses what an operating system is, how operating systems have evolved over time in response to changes in hardware and user needs, and why studying operating systems is important. Key points covered include the role of the OS in providing abstractions of hardware resources and coordinating access to resources, a brief history of early batch processing and time-sharing systems, and core components of modern operating systems like process scheduling, memory management, and file systems.

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    UNIVERSITY of WISCONSIN-MADISON

    Computer Sciences Department

    CS 537 Andrea C. Arpaci-Dusseau


    Introduction to Operating Systems Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau

    Introduction and Overview


    Questions answered in this lecture:
    What is an operating system?
    How have operating systems evolved?
    Why study operating systems?
    What is an Operating System?
    Not easy to define precisely…

    Users
    compilers
    Applications databases
    word processors

    Operating System
    CPU
    Hardware memory
    I/O devices
    OS:
    Everything in system that isn’t an application or hardware
    OS:
    Software that converts hardware into a useful form for applications
    What is the role of the OS?
    Role #1: Provide standard Library (I.e., abstract resources)
    What is a resource?
    • Anything valuable (e.g., CPU, memory, disk)
    Advantages of standard library
    • Allow applications to reuse common facilities
    • Make different devices look the same
    • Provide higher-level abstractions
    Challenges
    • What are the correct abstractions?
    • How much of hardware should be exposed?
    What is the role of the OS?
    Role #2: Resource coordinator (I.e., manager)

    Advantages of resource coordinator


    • Virtualize resources so multiple users or applications can
    share
    • Protect applications from one another
    • Provide efficient and fair access to resources
    Challenges
    • What are the correct mechanisms?
    • What are the correct policies?
    What Functionality belongs in OS?
    No single right answer
    • Desired functionality depends on outside factors
    • OS must adapt to both user expectations and technology
    changes
    – Change abstractions provided to users
    – Change algorithms to implement those abstractions
    – Change low-level implementation to deal with hardware

    Current operating systems driven by evolution


    History of the OS
    Two distinct phases of history
    • Phase 1: Computers are expensive
    – Goal: Use computer’s time efficiently
    – Maximize throughput (I.e., jobs per second)
    – Maximize utilization (I.e., percentage busy)
    • Phase 2: Computers are inexpensive
    – Goal: Use people’s time efficiently
    – Minimize response time
    First commercial systems
    1950s Hardware
    • Enormous, expensive, and slow
    • Input/Output: Punch cards and line printers
    Goal of OS
    • Get the hardware working
    • Single operator/programmer/user runs and debugs interactively
    OS Functionality
    • Standard library only (no sharing or coordination of resources)
    • Monitor that is always resident; transfer control to programs
    Advantages
    • Worked and allowed interactive debugging
    Problems
    • Inefficient use of hardware (throughput and utilization)
    Batch Processing
    Goal of OS: Better throughput and utilization
    Batch: Group of jobs submitted together
    • Operator collects jobs; orders efficiently; runs one at a time
    Advantages
    • Amortize setup costs over many jobs
    • Operator more skilled at loading tapes
    • Keep machine busy while programmer thinks
    • Improves throughput and utilization
    Problems
    • User must wait until batch is done for results
    • Machine idle when job is reading from cards and writing to printers
    Spooling
    Hardware
    • Mechanical I/O devices much slower than CPU
    • Read 17 cards/sec vs. execute 1000s instructions/sec
    Goal of OS
    • Improve performance by overlapping I/O with CPU execution
    Spooling: Simultaneous Peripheral Operations On-Line
    1. Read card punches to disk
    2. Compute (while reading and writing to disk)
    3. Write output from disk to printer
    OS Functionality
    • Buffering and interrupt handling
    Problem
    • Machine idle when job waits for I/O to/from disk
    Multiprogrammed Batch Systems
    Observation: Spooling provides pool of ready jobs
    Goal of OS
    • Improve performance by always running a job
    • Keep multiple jobs resident in memory
    • When job waits for disk I/O, OS switches to another job
    OS Functionality
    • Job scheduling policies
    • Memory management and protection
    Advantage: Improves throughput and utilization
    Disadvantage: Machine not interactive
    Inexpensive Peripherals
    1960s Hardware
    • Expensive mainframes, but inexpensive keyboards and monitors
    • Enables text editors and interactive debuggers
    Goal of OS
    • Improve user’s response time
    OS Functionality
    • Time-sharing: switch between jobs to give appearance of dedicated
    machine
    • More complex job scheduling
    • Concurrency control and synchronization
    Advantage
    • Users easily submit jobs and get immediate feedback
    Inexpensive Personal Computers
    1980s Hardware
    • Entire machine is inexpensive
    • One dedicated machine per user
    Goal of OS
    • Give user control over machine
    OS Functionality
    • Remove time-sharing of jobs, protection, and virtual memory
    Advantages
    • Simplicity
    • Works with little main memory
    • Machine is all your own (performance is predictable)
    Disadvantages
    • No time-sharing or protection between jobs
    Inexpensive, Powerful Computers
    1990s+ Hardware
    • PCs with increasing computation and storage
    • Users connected to the web
    Goal of OS
    • Allow single user to run several applications simultaneously
    • Provide security from malicious attacks
    • Efficiently support web servers

    OS Functionality
    • Add back time-sharing, protection, and virtual memory
    Current Systems
    Conclusion: OS changes due to both hardware and users
    Current trends
    • Multiprocessors
    • Networked systems
    • Virtual machines
    OS code base is large
    • Millions of lines of code
    • 1000 person-years of work
    Code is complex and poorly understood
    • System outlives any of its builders
    • System will always contain bugs
    • Behavior is hard to predict, tuning is done by guessing
    OS Components
    Kernel: Core components of the OS

    Process scheduler
    • Determines when and for long each process executes
    Memory manager
    • Determines when and how memory is allocated to processes
    • Decides what to do when main memory is full
    File system
    • Organizes named collections of data in persistent storage
    Networking
    • Enables processes to communicate with one another
    Why study Operating Systems?
    Build, modify, or administer an operating system

    Understand system performance


    • Behavior of OS impacts entire machine
    • Challenge to understand large, complex system
    • Tune workload performance
    • Apply knowledge across many areas
    – Computer architecture, programming languages, data structures and
    algorithms, and performance modeling

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