Sketching of Machine Components

UNIT NO.
– 2
Sketching of Machine Components

Why free hand sketching ?
1. It is very convenient and quick method of shape
description.
2. It is very useful when working up new mechanisms,

considering alternative arrangements of a system
being designed, and planning designs changes to
improve functionality or lower cost.
3. It is necessary for mechanical engineering
student to be able to produce readable, quick
and informative sketches of existing object or
new designs.
4. Sketches can formulate record, express design

and development ideas and instructions, and
reduce the need for long verbal explanations.
Types of sketch
A. Schematic or scheme sketches.
B. Field sketch.
Line sketching
Sketching of circle
Ellipse
1. Various types of Nuts
Nuts along with bolts are used for fastening purpose. The shape
of head is depends upon the purpose for which the nut is
required. The various types of nuts commonly used in
engineering practices are given below.
Hexagonal Nut
Square Nut
Castle nut
Split Pin
A split pin, made of steel wire of semi-circular cross- section is used for locking the nut. The split pin is
inserted trough a hole in the bolt body and touching just the top surface of the nut. Then, the ends of the
pin are split open to prevent it from coming out while in use.
Locking arrangement for nuts
The bolted joints, though removable in nature, are required to stay firm without becoming loose, of their
own accord. However, the joints used in the moving parts of a machinery, may be subjected to vibrations.
This may slacken the joints, leading to serious breakdown. To eliminate the slackening tendency, different
arrangements, as discussed further, are used to lock the nuts.
2. Bolts
• It consists of two parts, shank and head. The shank is
cylindrical and is threaded at one end. The shape of
head is depends upon the purpose for which the bolt
is required. The various types of bolts commonly
used in engineering practices are given below.
Types of bolts commonly used in engineering practices
Rag Foundation bolts
This bolt consists of a tapered body, square or rectangular in cross-sectional area, the tapered edges being
grooved. It is set first in lead and then in cement concrete.
Rag Foundation bolts

Stud bolt or stud
Stud bolt or stud

Washers
Washers
ADD WASHERS
Various types of Rivets and Riveted joints
Various types of Rivets (forms of Rivet Heads)
Types of Riveted joints
Single riveted lap joint –
In this type of joint single row of rivet is used.
Double riveted lap joint –
In this type of two rows of rivets are used.
Keys
Select keys
Various types of keys
1. Saddle Keys:
These are taper keys, with uniform width but tapering in thickness on the upper side. The magnitude of
the taper provided is 1:100. These are made in two forms: hollow and flat.
2. Hollow Saddle Key :
A hollow saddle key has a concave shaped bottom to suit the curved surface of the shaft,
on which it is used. A key way is made in the hub of the mounting, with a tapered bottom
surface. When a hollow saddle key is fitted in position, the relative rotation between the
shaft and the mounting is prevented due to the friction between the shaft and key.
Flat Saddle Key :
It is similar to the hollow saddle key, except that the bottom surface of it is
flat. Apart from the tapered keyway in the hub of the mounting, a flat
surface provided on the shaft is used to fit this key in position. The two
types of saddle keys discussed above are suitable for Light duty only.
However, the flat one is slightly superior compared to the hollow type.
Saddle keys are liable to slip around the shaft when used under heavy
loads.
Sunk keys:
• These are the standard forms of keys used in practice, and may be either square or
rectangular in cross-section. The end may be squared or rounded. Generally, half
the thickness of the key fits into the shaft keyway and the remaining half in the
hub keyway. These keys are used for the heavy duty, as fit between the key and
the shaft is positive.
• Sunk keys may be classified as:
(i) taper keys,

(ii) parallel or feather keys and
(iii) woodruff keys.
Taper Sunk Keys:
These keys are square or rectangular in cross-section, uniform in width but tapered in thickness. The
bottom surface of the key is straight and the top surface is tapered, the magnitude of the taper being
1:100. Hence, the keyway in the shaft is parallel to the axis and the hub keyway is tapered.
Parallel Sunk or Feather Keys:
Woodruff key
Taper Pin:
A taper pin key has a circular cross section having taper of 1:50 on diameter. The
diameter of pin ‘d’ at larger end is taken as 0.2 times the diameter of shaft.
Round key or Pin Key:
It is a circular pin which is fitted in a hole provided partly in shaft and partly in hub.
Gib-headed key:
In this type of key a head called gib-head is provided to facilitate its easy removal
Cone Keys:
Cone keys are in three members of a hollow bush, which is in conical on outside and uniform in inside. The
conical surface fits in a similar hole in the hub and uniform inside diameter fits on the shaft
Knuckle or Pin joint:
Couplings
Coupling is a mechanical device used to connect two shafts of a transmission system. The shafts
which are coupled may have collinear axes, intersecting axes or parallel axes at small distance.
Flanged Coupling
Flanged Coupling
Flanged Coupling
In this type of coupling flanges are fitted at ends of shaft and these flanges are fastened
together by means of a number of bolts and nuts. The number of bolts depend upon the power
to be transmitted and shaft diameter.
Bush bearing or bush type journal bearing
It is a slightly modified form of the solid type of bearing. It is lined with a hollow
bush of brass or gun-metal. The bush is pressed inside the bore in the bearing.
When the bush gets worn out, it is easily removed and replaced by a new one. The
sole of the bearing is kept hollow at the bottom to reduce machining area. The
bolt-holes are made longer and with semi-circular ends for adjusting the position
of the bearing.
Plummer block (Pedestal bearing)
A-pedestal bearing consists of

1. a cast Iron pedestal or block with a sole
2. Gun metal brasses
3. A cast iron cap
4. Two mild steel bolts
It is made in two halves to facilitate:
1. Adjustment for wear in the brasses
2. Placing and removal of the shaft in from the bearings and
3. Renewal of brasses

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UNIT NO.

Sketching of Machine Components

2. It is very useful when working up new mechanisms,

4. Sketches can formulate record, express design

A. Schematic or scheme sketches.

Rag Foundation bolts

Stud bolt or stud

(i) taper keys,

A-pedestal bearing consists of

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