DATA COLLECTION

Methods of Data Collection

1. DIRECT or INTERVIEW METHOD

2. INDIRECT or QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD
3. REGISTRATION METHOD
4. OBSERVATION METHOD
5. EXPERIMENT METHOD
DIRECT or INTERVIEW

Use at least two (2) persons – an INTERVIEWER & an

INTERVIEWEE/S – exchanging information.
 Gives us precise & consistent information because
clarifications can be made.
 Questions not fully understood by the respondent, may be
repeated until it suits the interviewee’s level.
 Time consuming
 Expensive
 Limited coverage
INDIRECT or QUESTIONNAIRE

This is a method where written answers are given to

prepared questions.
 Compared to the Direct method, this requires less time
 It is inexpensive since the questionnaires can simply be
mailed or hand-carried.
 Gives the respondent a sense of freedom in honesty
answering the questions because of secrecy.
REGISTRATION METHOD

This is a method enforced by certain laws.

Examples:
 Registration of birth
 Registration of marriage
 Registration of death
OBSERVATION

This is a method which observes the behavior,

characteristic, reaction, interaction of individuals
or organizations in the study.

 Observe: To notice using a full range of appropriate

senses. To see, hear, feel, taste, and smell
 This is also used when the respondents cannot read
nor write.
EXPERIMENT

This method is used when the objective of the study is

to determine the cause and effect of certain
phenomena or event.
Characteristics Of
A Good Question

1. A good question is unbiased.

 Must not be worded in a manner that will
influence the respondent to answer in a certain
way, that is to favor a certain response or to be
against it.
 An unbiased question is stated in neutral
language and has no element of pressure.
Unbiased vs Biased Questions
 Are you satisfied with the internet services by ABC Company?
 Are you satisfied with the internet services by ABC Company which
has low speed and expensive rates?

 Do you like classical music?

 Do you like boring classical music?

 Are you in favor of converting agricultural lands to commercial areas?

 Are you in favor of converting agricultural lands to commercial areas
so that there will be more income generated for the province?
Characteristics Of
A Good Question

2. A good question must be clear and

simply stated.
 This is to make your question easier to
understand and
 More likely to be answered truthfully.
Simple vs Complex Question

 What is your average grade last semester?

 What is your academic performance last semester?

 How many units are you enrolled in this semester?

 How heavy is your academic load this semester?
Characteristics Of
A Good Question
3. A good question must be precise.
 Questions must not be vague.
 It should indicate clearly the manner how the
answers must be given.
Precise vs Vague Questions
Examples of precise questions:
 In terms of mathematical ability, do you think male and female
are equal?
 Do you think male and female are equal?

 Did the restaurant staff smile while taking your order?

 Was the restaurant staff friendly?

 Rate the degree of pain from 1 to 5, 1 being most tolerable and 5

most painful.
 What is your pain level?
Characteristics Of
A Good Question
4. Good questionnaires lend themselves to
easy analyses.

Evaluation of professors (using 1 – 4 scale)

- The scale allows easy analyses

Questionnaires that asks for opinion are more

difficult to analyze.
Two (2) Categories
of Survey Questions
1. OPEN QUESTION
 An open question allows a free response.
 Examples:
 What are the things you consider before buying a
cellphone?
 What do you think can be done to reduce the volume
of plastic bags waste in Cavite?
Two (2) Categories
of Survey Questions
2. CLOSED QUESTION
 A closed question allows only a fixed response.
 Examples:
 What is the first factor you consider before buying a
cellphone? Choose only one.
a. Price
b. Brand
c. Features
Types of Data

1. PRIMARY DATA
 Are information collected from an original source of
data, which is first-hand in nature.
 Examples are data collected from interviews and
surveys.
2. SECONDARY DATA
 Are information collected from published or
unpublished sources like books, newspapers,
journals, theses.
Four (4) Important Points To
Consider in Collecting Data

 If measurement of some characteristic from people (such as height,

weight) are being obtained, better results will be achieved if the
researcher does the measuring instead of asking the respondent for
the value.
 The method of data collection used may expedite or delay the
process. Avoid a medium that would produce low response rates.
 Ensure that the sample size is large enough for the required
purposes.
 Ensure that the method used to collect data actually results in a
sample that is representative of the population.
Tell if the question or statement is a good one
(unbiased, simple, clear, precise & easy to analyze); B if
it is not good and then RE-WRITE it to make it good.

1. Do you approve of the country’s oppressive immigration

policy?
2. When was the last time you upgraded your computer and
printer?
3. What is your mass measure in metric units?
4. How often do you access the schoolbook? (seldom,
frequent,..)
5. Most people feel that smoking is bad for ones health. Do
you agree? Yes or no?
6. Do you like the texture and flavor of the snack?
7. What mobile phone brand are you currently using?
 Oppo
 Samsung
 Apple
 Lenovo
8. How much did you spend last year on life insurance?
9. How do you feel about the new cafeteria lunch menu
compared to the old one?
Sampling

Sampling is the process of selecting samples from a

population of interest in order to study and fairly generalize
the results back to the population from which the sample was
chosen.
Advantages of Sampling

 Reduced Cost (The cost of studying all the

items in a population).
 Greater Scope (The time-consuming aspect of
contacting the whole population).
 Greater Speed (The physical impossibility of
checking all items in the population).
 Greater Accuracy (The adequacy of sample
results in most cases).
Some Definitions

Target Population is the entire group a researcher is

interested in.

Sampled Population is the collection of elements from

which the sample is actually taken. In the ideal case, it
should coincide with the target population.
Some Definitions

The frame – Before selecting the sample, the

population must be divided into parts (“sampling units”
or “units”)

Population frame is a listing of all individual units in

the population.

Sampling frame is a listing of sampling units.

Types of Sampling Techniques

Probability Sampling method is any method of sampling

that utilizes some form of random selection. Samples are
chosen in such a way that each member of the population
has a known though not necessarily equal chance of being
included in the samples.
 Random Selection is performed by selecting a group
of subjects (a sample) for study from a large group
(population).
Types of Sampling Techniques

ADVANTAGES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING

1. It avoids biases.
2. It provides basis for calculating the margin of error.
Types of Sampling Techniques

Non-Probability Sampling method does not involve

random selection of samples. Each member of the
population does not have a known chance of being
included in the sample. Instead, personal judgement
plays a very important role in the selection.
Types Probability Sampling
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING: Samples are chosen at
random with members of the population having known or
sometimes equal probability or chance of being included in
the samples.
a) Lottery
b) Sampling with the use of Table of Random
Numbers
Types Probability Sampling
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING: Samples are
randomly chosen following certain rules set by the
researchers. The items or individuals of the population are
arranged in some order. A random starting point is selected
and then every k member of the population is selected for
th

the sample.
Types Probability Sampling

Types Probability Sampling

CLUSTER SAMPLING: Cluster sampling is

sometimes called area sampling because it is usually
applied when the population is large. Groups or clusters
instead of individuals are randomly chosen.
Types Non Probability Sampling

ACCIDENTAL, HAPHAZARD OR CONVENIENCE

SAMPLING : One of the most common methods, which is
primarily based on the convenience of the researcher. In
other words, get what you can without a lot of hassle.
Types Non Probability Sampling
 PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
 samples are taken with a purpose in mind.
 veryuseful for situations where a target sample
needs to be reached quickly and where sampling
for proportionality is not the primary concern.
 convenience sampling but choosing the
respondents on the basis of predetermined criteria
set by the researcher.
Types Non Probability Sampling

 SUB CATEGORIES OF PURPOSIVE SAMPLING

 MODAL INSTANCE SAMPLING
sampling for specific groups or types of people
wherein sampling the most frequent case, or the
“typical” case is sought for.
commonly used in informal public opinion polls.
 EXPERT SAMPLING
involves the assembling of a sample of persons
with known or demonstrable experience and
expertise in some area.
Types Non Probability Sampling
 SUB CATEGORIES OF PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
 QUOTA SAMPLING
respondents are selected non-randomly according to
some fixed quota.
TYPES OF QUOTA SAMPLING
 Proportional Quota Sampling – convenience sampling,
except you want subgroups represented in same
proportions they are in the target population.
 Non-proportional Quota Sampling – convenience
sampling, except you have specified (nonproportionally)
how many subjects you want in each subgroup.
Types Non Probability Sampling

 SUB CATEGORIES OF PURPOSIVE SAMPLING

 HETEROGENEITY SAMPLING
you want to have adequate numbers of people in each
of two or more groups with disparate opinions where
proportionately is not of major importance.
 SNOWBALL SAMPLING
the process starts by identifying someone who meets
the criteria for inclusion in the study. The respondent
is then asked to recommend others whom they may
know who also meet the criteria.
Identify the sampling technique used:

1.A line leader in an adhesive industry selects every 20th adhesive chemical for testing.

2.A student needs to conduct a survey. He posts a question on his facebook account
about opinion on working abroad and uses every comment he gets.

3.In a beauty pageant, the names of the judges are drawn from a container by a
contestant and answers the questions given by the chosen judge.

4.The head office of a certain restaurant chain would like to conduct a surprise
inspection among its 120 branches all over the Philippines. The quality inspector
chooses to inspect 4 branches from each of the regions where the restaurants are
located.
5. A thesis student working on a newly developed disinfectant asks his friends to refer
possible subjects for his work.

6.A researcher asks for the opinion of medical practitioners about the use of herbal
medicines and food supplement.

7.The opinion on online voting will be determined among first-time voters in Dasmarinas,
Cavite. Three barangays were chosen and all the first-time voters were interviewed.

8. The Bureau of Food and Drugs randomly inspected every 5th restaurant in a chain of
restaurants along an establishment in Manila.

9. In a certain industrial park, specific company benefits will be identified from the people
going out of the factories.

10. A social worker surveys on child labor within a certain municipality in Cavite and asks
anyone of their idea on the said topic.
11. In Abakada Elementary School, a nutrition specialist was able to choose the 1st and
3rd grade levels among all the different grade levels and surveyed all the students
belonging to the chosen levels about their typical food for lunch.

12. A researcher from the Department of Tourism wants to conduct a survey on the
choice of summer destinations of people by asking mostly the foreigners and tourists in
Boracay.

13. A beverage company conducts taste tests on their latest soda drink by asking
everyone who volunteered to taste their product.

14. Educators were asked about the use of multimedia in classroom discussion and its
potential effects on student’s academic performance.

15. Members of the jury that would evaluate a complaint filed on a public official were
selected by generating their social security numbers from the database of a government
office.