Kongu Polytechnic College: Perundurai

KONGU POLYTECHNIC
COLLEGE
PERUNDURAI
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

TITLE: CELLULOSE FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES.
(STRAW,REED,TEAK)
GUIDED BY: M.NANDAKUMAR, M.TECH

PROJECT MEMBERS
1.ABIN T ALIAS (17601249)
2.BASIL BASE ( 17601260)
3.G. GOKULAKRISHNAN (17601267)
4.S. LOKESH (17601280)
5.HARIPRASATH (17601269)
6.S. KARTHI (17601276)
Cellulose, the principal structural components of plants, is
a complex polysaccharide comprising many glucose units
linked together.It is the most common polysaccharide which
is widely distributed in plant kingdom.
In this project entitled “ISOLLATION OF CELLULOSE
FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES”,cellulose micro fibres were
isolated from Straw, Reed, and Teak wood acid
treatement,alkali treatment, bleaching followed by
hydrolysis.
The cellulose micro fibres were characterized by SEM
analysis.From this analysis it is found that the fibres
obtained from Straw and Reed have smooth surface with
lower diameter were as microfibers obtained from Teak
wood have rough surface and high diameter.This
indicates the presence of high binary component in Teak
wood.
Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula
(C6H10O5)n, a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of
several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked D-
glucose units. Cellulose is an important structural
component of the primary cell wall of green plants, many
forms of algae and the oomycetes. Some species of bacteria
secrete it to form biofilms. Cellulose is the most abundant
organic polymer on Earth. The cellulose content of cotton
fiber is 90%, that of wood is 40–50%, and that of dried hemp
is approximately 57%.
Cellulose was discovered in 1838 by the French chemist
Anselme payen, who isolated it from plant matter and
determined its chemical formula. Cellulose was used to
produce the first successful thermoplastic polymer, celluloid,
by Hyatt Manufacturing Company in 1870.
Cellulose has no taste, is odorless, is hydrophilic with the
contact angle of 20–30 degrees,is insoluble in water and
most organic solvents, is chiral and is biodegradable.
It was shown to melt at 467 °C in 2016. It can be broken
down chemically into its glucose units by treating it with
concentrated mineral acids at high temperature.
Cellulose is derived from D-glucose units, which
condense through β (1→4)-glycosidic bonds. This linkage
motif contrasts with that for α (1→4)-glycosidic bonds
present in starch and glycogen.
Cellulose is a straight chain polymer: unlike starch, no
coiling or branching occurs, and the molecule adopts an
extended and rather stiff rod-like conformation, aided by
the equatorial conformation of the glucose residues.
A triple strand of cellulose showing the hydrogen bonds (cyan lines) between glucose
strands
Cellulose
A. PLANTS
B. TUNICATES
C. ALGAE
D. BACTERIA
APPLICATIONS OF CELLULOSE
• Paper products: Cellulose is the major constituent of paper,
paperboard, and card stock.
• Fibers: Cellulose is the main ingredient of textiles made
from cotton, linen, and other plant fibers. It can be turned into
rayon, an important fiber that has been used for textiles since the
beginning of the 20th century. Both cellophane and rayon are
known as "regenerated cellulose fibers"; they are identical to
cellulose in chemical structure and are usually made from
dissolving pulp via viscose. A more recent and environmentally
friendly method to produce a form of rayon is the Lyocell process.
•Consumables: Microcrystalline cellulose (E460i) and
powdered cellulose (E460ii) are used as inactive fillers in drug
tablets and a wide range of soluble cellulose derivatives, E
numbers E461 to E469, are used as emulsifiers, thickeners and
stabilizers in processed foods. Cellulose powder is, for
example, used in Parmesan cheese to prevent caking inside the
package. Cellulose occurs naturally in some foods and is an
additive in manufactured foods, contributing an indigestible
component used for texture and bulk, potentially aiding in
defecation.
•Science: Cellulose is used in the laboratory as a stationary

phase for thin layer chromatography. Cellulose fiber are also
used in liquid filtration, sometimes in combination with
diatomaceous earth or other filtration media, to create a filter
bed of inert material.
•Biofuel: TU-103, a strain of Clostridium bacteria found in
zebra waste, can convert nearly any form of cellulose into
butanol fuel.
•Building material: Hydroxyl bonding of cellulose in water

produces a sprayable, moldable material as an alternative to
the use of plastics and resins. The recyclable material can
be made water- and fire-resistant. It provides sufficient
strength for use as a building material. Cellulose insulation
made from recycled paper is becoming popular as an
environmentally preferable material for building insulation.
It can be treated with boric acid as a fire retardant.
The samples of Straw,Reed,and Teak are collected
and dried,powdered and filtered.
After the final process of the project we get the
cellulose structure of the three samples are taken.
The samples are held in the scanning electron
microscope(SEM)
From the SEM image we can study the diameter of
the microfibres of the samples.
And also study about the lignin content of the
samples
1. Powdered samples collected from Reed, Straw and Teak
wood.
2. 5% NaOH solution.
3. 5 M HCL solution.
4. Bleaching agent (sodium chlorite).
5. 10% H2SO4 solution.
6. 250 ml beaker.
7. 100 ml Standard flask.
8. Glass rod.
9. Oven.
METHODS
1. ALKALINE HYDROLYSIS
Alkaline hydrolysis of powdered samples were carried out
by treating with 5% NaOH solution.The samples were kept in
the solution for 4-5 hours in an oven at 40oC temperature to
remove the lignin content. After 4-5 hours the sample is
filtered and washed several times till free from alkali
2. ACID HYDROLYSIS
Acid hydrolysis of powdered samples were carried out by
treating them with 5M HCL solution. The samples were kept
in the solution for 4-5 hours in an oven at 40oC.Acid hydrolysis
is commonly used to break the glycoside bonds in cellulose.
The sample is filtered and washed for several times till free
from acid.
3. BLEACHING
bleaching agent is prepared by adding 10 ml acetic acid in
100 ml water solution to 16g sodium chlorite. In this process
each sample can be bleached to remove the residual lignin
and other impurities, without change in cellulose crystallinity
or polymorphism. After the bleaching process we get white
cellulose.
4. HYDROLYSIS BY Conc.H2SO4
Samples obtained from bleaching is subjected to hydrolysis
by using 10% H2SO4. The samples were kept in the solution
for 4 - 5 hours in an oven at 40o temperature. It is filtered and
washed till free from acid.
To Be Continued………………..

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KONGU POLYTECHNIC

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

GUIDED BY: M.NANDAKUMAR, M.TECH

•Science: Cellulose is used in the laboratory as a stationary

•Building material: Hydroxyl bonding of cellulose in water

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