Data communication and

Computer Networking

Content
 Basic data communication
 Computer Networking
 Types of Network
 Architecture of network
 Network Topology
 Physical Media
 Common Network devices
 Network Connectors
 Internet
 Basics of data communication
Communication: it is the transferring of data from a
transmitter (sender or source) to a receiver across a distance.
 communications system consists of at least the following
basic element:
 Sender - a device to send data/ information.
 Channel - a communication over which data/ information is
sent.
 Receiver - a device to receive the sent data/ information.
 The data transfer can be voice, sound, image videos, text or a
combination of all (multimedia)
 Types communication technology
signal
There are two types of signals are analog & digital
signals.
1. Analog:
Analog signals (continuous wave) is a continuous
electrical signal in the form of wave.
Example :
Sound is an analog signal.
 Two characteristics of analog waves are
frequency and amplitude.
 Frequency: - how many time it completes a cycle in a second.
 Amplitude: - the height of a wave with in a given period of time.
Continue..
2. Digital signals
Digital signals:- are discrete/discontinuous
on & off electrical pulses.
Example
digital watch use digital signals to show time
 Digital signals are better that is faster &
more accurate at transmitting computer
data.
 A digital signal offers advantage over analog
signal as it is easier to reduce & cleanup
noise and errors.
 Modes of communication
There are three modes of commination.
1. Simplex transmission: - simplex transmission mode data can
travel in only one direction.
Example
a radio & television broadcasting
2. Half-duplex transmission: - half-duplex mode, data travels in
both directions but only one way at a time
Example
Police tar and talk-back radio
3. Full-duplex transmission: - full-duplex transmission mode data is
transmitted back and forth at the same time.
Example
Telephone is full-duplex
 Data transmission ways
There are ways of data are transmitted which are
Serially and parallel.
1. Serial data transmission:- bits are
transmitted sequentially, one after another.
There are two method used for serial data
transmission
 Asynchronous transmission: - in this
method data is sent one byte (one character) at
a time.
It has starting and ending bit representation is
called start-stop transmission.
This method, used with most microcomputer.
 continue..
 Synchronous transmission- instead of using start & stop
bit, synchronous transmission sends data in blocks.
 Start & stop bit patterns, called synch byte, are transmitted
at the beginning and end of the blocks.
 This method is rarely used.
2. Parallel data transmission – parallel data transmission, bits
are transmitted through out line simultaneously.
Parallel line move information than serial lines do, but they are
efficient up to 15 feet or 3 meters.
Thus parallel lines are used to transmit for example data from
computer CPU to printer.
Computer Networking
 Networking refers to two or more
connected computers that can share
a resource such as data, a printer, an
Internet connection, applications, or
a combination of these.
Benefits of Computer Network
 Resource sharing
 Resource saving (Money, time, energy...)
 Increase system performance
 Powerful communication medium among
widely separated people
 Basic Terms used in Computer
Networking
 Server
computer that serves the client with huge storage
capacity, database, interconnections to other
networks.
 Clients
Computers that access shared network resources provided by
a server.
 Media
The wires that make the physical connections.
 Node
is a computer, printers, or whatever, simply latch onto the
cable at any position between the two terminals
Types of Networks
 Based on geographical span of coverage,
computer networks are broadly classified into
three major categories.
1. Local Area Network (LAN)
2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
3. Wide Area Network (WAN)
 LAN
 Itis confined in a limited geographical area.
 Physically limited
 Inexpensive cable media (Co-axial or twisted
pair)
 Up to 100 computers
 E.g. lab, school, office, campus
MAN
 Covers large geographic areas
 Uses Fiber Optics cables
 E.g. Colleges, Universities, banks e.t.c…
 WAN
 Computers in a network are situated in a
wider geographical area.
 Communication is established through
telephone lines, microwave links and satellites
 No geographical limit
 made up of a number of interconnected
LANs. E.g. The internet
Cont.…
 Basedon span of control, (Architecture)
networks are divided into two broad
categories:
1. Peer – to – Peer Networks
2. Client/Server Networks
Peer – to - Peer
 Allcomputers are equal - they are peers
 Each computer can be a client that
requests resources and a server that
provides resources upon request.
 Security is not centralized
 Network is not scalable
 Also called work groups
Server –based Networks
(Client/Server)
 There exist dedicated servers, which
only provide resources/services .
 has centralized, tighter security
 The network is highly scalable
 Needs dedicated server (acts only as a
server, but not as a client)
 Requires at least one professional
administrator
Network Topology
 Topology describes the layout of the
cables, computers and other network
devices.
 There are four most common topologies:
Bus, Ring, Star and Mesh.
 Bus topology
 All computers are connected to a single
cable.
 Easy to implement
 If one node fails, the rest of the network can
continue to function normally.
 Cable fault affects all workstations.
 Star topology
 Each computer is connected to a central
device (hub) by a separate cable.
 Failure of one computer does not affect the
network
 Failure of the hub affects the network.
 Easy to add new workstations
 Easy to modify
 Ring topology
 Each computer is connected directly to two
other computers in the network.
 Any break disrupts the entire network.
 No terminated end in this topology.
 Failure of one computer can have an impact on
the entire network.
 Mesh topology
 Each computer is directly connected to every
other computer.
 On the con side, the mesh topology is
expensive and quickly becomes too complex.
 Physical Media
three types of cables
1. Coaxial Cable: Coaxial cable (or coax) contains a
center conductor, made of copper, surrounded by a
plastic jacket, with a braided shield over the jacket.
There are two types of coaxial cables:
1. Thick Ethernet cable. It is also called 10Base5.
The 10 refers to the data transfer speed, which is 10
Mbps, and the 5 refers to the maximum length of a
single cable, which is 500m.
Thin Ethernet cable or Thinnet. It is also
called 10Base2. The 10 refers to the data
transfer speed, which is 10 Mbps, and the 2
refers to the maximum length of a single cable,
which is 185m (200m). ThinNet is connected to
the computer through BNC connectors.
2.Twisted-Pair Cable
Twisted-pair cable consists of multiple,
individually insulated wires that are twisted
together in pairs
There are two types of twisted pair
cables:-
1. Shielded twisted-pair (STP):-A
metallic shield is placed around the
twisted pairs.
2. Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP):-
Cable with no outer shielding.
3. Fibber-Optic Cable
 fibber-optic cable transmits digital signals
using light pulses. Light is carried on either a
glass or a plastic core. Glass can carry the
signal a greater distance, but plastic costs less.
 Fibber-optic cable is suited for data running
large distances and without electronics
regenerating the signal or for an installation
requiring high security. Fibber-optic is now
being used in such applications as gigabit
Internet backbones. However, it is difficult to
install and is expensive.
Common Network Devices
 Network Interface Card (NIC)
 Repeater
 Hub
 Bridge
 Switch
 Router
Network Interface Card (NIC)
 isthe expansion card you install in your
computer to connect (interface) your
computer to the network.
Repeater
 Amplifies (or repeats) network signals
to extend the maximum reach of a
network.
 Receive network signals on one port,
amplify them, and repeat them out on the
other port.
Hubs
 A hub interconnects two or more workstations into a
local area network.
 When a workstation transmits to a hub, the hub
immediately resends the data frame to all connecting
links.
 Hubs expand one Ethernet connection into many. For
example, a four-port hub connects up to four machines
 Bridge
 Is a network device that logically separates a single
network into two segments.
 Can improve network performance because traffic is not
propagated unnecessarily on all network

A bridge connects networks and forwards frames from

one network to another.

PORTS

A B E F
BRIDGE

C D G H
 Selective Forwarding
A B E F
BRIDGE

C D G H
 If A sends a frame to E - the frame must be
forwarded by the bridge.
 If A sends a frame to B - there is no reason to
forward the frame.
 The bridge needs a database that contains
information about which hosts are on which
network.
 Switch
 A switch is a combination of a hub and a bridge.
 It can interconnect two or more workstations, but like
a bridge, it observes traffic flow and learns.
 When a frame arrives at a switch, the switch
examines the destination address and forwards the
frame out the one necessary connection.
Are in essence high-performance multi-interface
bridges.
Switches direct the frames only across the segments
containing the source and destination hosts.
A Switch with Two Servers Allowing Simultaneous Access to
Each Server
Switch providing multiple access to an e-mail server
Routers (really specialized computers)
 The device that connects a LAN to a WAN or a WAN
to a WAN (the INTERNET! – uses IP addresses).
 A router accepts an outgoing packet, removes any LAN
headers and trailers, and encapsulates the necessary
WAN headers and trailers.
 Thus, routers are often called “layer 3 devices”. They
operate at the third layer, or OSI network layer, of the
packet.
 Routers often incorporate firewall functions.
Is a network device that connects multiple, often
dissimilar, network segments into an internet work.
 Connections (in general)

 Bridges for LANs and hubs.

 Switches for LANs and workstations.
 Routers for LANs and WANs (the Internet).
 Network Connectors
 The type of connector you use depends on the type of network
and the type of cable (copper or fiber-optic)
D-type Connectors
The first type of networking connector was the D-type connector.
A D-type connector is characterized by its shape.
BNC Connectors
BNC connectors are tube-shaped. A twist-lock mechanism
prevents the cable from disconnecting, Most commonly used
with ThinNet coaxial cable
RJ Connectors
RJ-45 connectors are most commonly found on both 10BaseT
and Token Ring networks, but they can be found on any network
that uses four-pair, UTP cable.
11/7/2019 39
Any Question

11/7/2019 40
Quiz 5%
With in 20
Minute
1. what’s the name of this Arrow

2. 1. what’s the name of this Arrow

3. 1. what’s the name of this Arrow

4.Compare and contrast

LAN vs MAN