COMPANY PROFILE

1)Indian railways is the state owned railway company of

India,which owns and operates the country’s rail transport.
2)The Railways is divided into zones,which is sub-divided into
divisions
.3)There are total 16 zones,and each zone is headed by a GM
who reports directly to the Railway Board.
4)The zones are further divided into divisions headed by
DRM’s.
5)The East central Railway is one of the 16 Railway
zones.
6)It is headquartered at Hajipur and comprises of
Sonpur,Samastipur,Danapur,Mugalsarai and
Dhanbad divisions.
7)This zone came into existence on 8th
September,1996.
 INTRODUCTION
Signalling is one of the most important aspects of
Railway Communication.
In the early days there was no fixed system of signalling.
Earlier systems used Time Interval Technique.
In the Mid 19th century Mechanical Interlocking came
into existence.
However,the most modern development in signal
interlocking is SSI.
It’s first trial installation was provided at Srirangam
station in 1987.
 SOLID STATE INTERLOCKING
Train drivers know little of the overall topology of the network
through which they pass.

Safety is therefore invested in the Control system,or Interlocking.

The interlocking has to be designed to protect the operator from

inadvertently sending trains along conflicting routes.

However, the network can be operated with more security if the

operators have a broad overview about the distribution of trains,so
a control panel displays the current status of signals,distribution of
trains and other signalling equipment.
OPERATION OF SOLID STATE INTERLOCKING
There are seven main signals shown here,and three sets of points.
The operator can select a route by pressing the button at the
entrance signal(say s7),then pressing the button at the exit signal-
the consecutive main signal,being the entrance signal for the next
route(s5).
This sequence of events is interpreted as a panel route request and
is forwarded to the controlling computer for evaluation.
When the computer receives a panel request it evaluates the
availability conditions.
These conditions are known as Geographic Data.
If these conditions are met the system responds by highlighting
the track sections along the selected route on display.
At this point the route is said to be locked.
Once the route is locked the interlocking will automatically set the
route.
Firstly,this involves calling the points along the route into correct
alignment.
Secondly,the route must be proved.
This includes checking that the points are correctly aligned,that
the filaments in the signal lamps are drawing current,and that
signals controlling conflicting routes are on(i.e red)
Finally,the entrance signal can be switched off.
A driver approaching the signal will see it change from red to green
or yellow.
Thereafter,an indicator on the control panel will be
illuminated to notify the operators.
The operation of SSI follows polling cycle.
During this period the controlling computer will
exchange messages with each piece of signalling
equipment to which it is attached.
Signalling equipment is interfaced with SSI through
Track-side functional modules.
A points module will report whether the switch is
detected normal or reverse.
Other than conveying status information about points
and signals,TSR modules report the current positions
of trains.
Track circuits are identified with the help of track
sections.
If the low voltage applied across the rails can be
detected,this indicates there is no train in the section
Atrain entering the section will short the circuit
causing the voltage to drop and the track section will
be recorded as occupied at the control centre.
OVERALL SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
SSI is a multicomputer system
It consists of two panel processors,a diagnostic processor,and
three central interlocking processors.
The central interlocking processors are responsible for executing
all signalling commands and producing correct system outputs.
The panel processors are responsible for tasks which are not
safety critical such as interfacing with the signal control
panel,the display,and other systems.
The diagnostic processor is accessible from a maintainence
terminal through which the system’s performance and fault
status can be monitored.
The operation of SSI is organised around the concept of
a major cycle.
During this period the central interlocking will address
each of the TFM’s,and expect a reply from each in turn.
A maximun of 63 tfm’s can be connected to one SSI.
The major cycle is divided into 64 minor cycles.
In each minor cycle the central interlocking will decode
one incoming message(data telegram) from data
highway,and process one outgoing command telegram.
The cable used is screened twisted pair.
 GENERIC SSI SOFTWARE
SSI has been designed to be data driven with a generic
program operating on rules held in a “geographic
database”.
The relationship between generic program and the
data is one in which the former acts as an interpreter
for the latter.
Due to this reason generic software is known as the
control interpreter .
Motorola 6800 microprocessors used in SSI have a 16-
bit address space.
60-80 kbytes are EPROM which hold the generic
program,which is about 20 kbytes and the Geographic
Data.
2 kbytes are RAM,and the rest is used for I/P and O/P
devices.
The RAM is used to hold the system’s record of the state
of railway-generally referred to as the image of railway or
the internal state.
The SSI is organised on a cyclic basis with the major cycle
determining the rate at which track side equipment
receives fresh command.
The minor cycle performs all redundancy
management,self-test and error recovery procedures.
The minor cycle has a minimum duration of 9.5
ms,and minimum major cycle time 0f 608 ms.
The initialization software compares the internal state
of each of the three interlocking processors.
 OPTICAL FIBRE COMMUNICATION
In order to achieve a large information capacity with a
wide system bandwidth which can support a high data
bit rate optical fibre came into being.
Since its advent optical fibres have increasingly
replaced copper cables for LAN.
It is constructed of a transparent core made of nearly
pure Sio2,through which light travels.
The core is surrounded by a cladding layer that reflects
light,guiding the light along the core.
BASIC STRUCTURE OF OPTICAL FIBRE
A plastic coating covers the cladding to protect the
glass surface.
An outer sheath of plastic or Teflon is used for
protection.
There are two types of fibre-singlemode and
multimode.
Singlemode is used for intercity cabling and highest
speed,with a core diameter of less than 10 microns.
Multimode is used for short distances and has a core
diameter of 50 to 100 microns.
OPERATION OF OPTICAL FIBRE
In an optical fibre, a refracted ray is one that is refracted
from the core into the cladding.
For the fibre to guide the optical signal,the refractive
index of the core must be slightly higher than that of the
cladding.
The light in an optical-fibre cable travels through the
core by constantly bouncing from the cladding following
the principle of total internal reflection.
As the cladding does not absorb any light from the
core,the light wave can travel can travel great distances.
 FIBRE-OPTIC RELAY SYSTEM
A fibre-optic relay system consists of-
Transmitter-it receives and directs the optical device to
turn the light “on “ and “off” in correct sequence.
Optical fibre-it conducts the light signals over a distance.
Optical Regenerator-it consists of optical fibres with a
special coating(doping).The doped portion is “pumped”
with a laser.
When the degraded signal comes into the doped
coating,the energy from the laser allows the doped
molecules to become laser themselves.
The doped molecules then emit a new,stronger light
signal with the same characteristics as the incoming
weak light signal.
Thus,the regenerator is a laser amplifier for the
incoming signal.
Optical Receiver-It takes the incoming digital light
signals,decodes them and sends the electrical signal to
the other user’s computer,tv or telephone.
The receiver uses a photocell or photodiode to detect
the light.
 APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL FIBRE
Fibres can be used as light guides in medical and other
applications.
Can be used as sensors to measure
strain,temperature,pressure and other parameters.
Used in endoscopes to view objects through a small
hole.
In some high-tech buildings,optical fibre are used to
route sunlight from the roof to other parts of the
building.
MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION
The international telecommunications system relies
on microwave and satellite links for long-distance
international calls.
The chief method of relaying long-distance calls on
land is microwave radio transmission.
The drawback of long-distance voice communications
via microwave radio transmission is that the
transmissions follow a straight line from tower to
tower,so that over the sea the system becomes
impracticable.
The solution was proposed by Arthur C Clarke.
Thus geostationary satellites(syncoms) came into
existence.
The first to be successfully launched,by Delta rocket
from Cape Canaveral,was Syncoms 2 in July 1963.
Many such satellites are now in use concentrated over
heavy traffic areas such as the Atlantic,Indian,Pacific
oceans.
Telegraphy,telephony and television transmissions are
carried simultaneously by high-frequency radio waves.
A GENERAL MICROWAVE SETUP
GENERATION OF MICROWAVE SIGNALS
Microwaves can be generated by a variety of
means,generally divided into two categories;
Solid state devices and vacuum-tube based devices.
Solid state devices are based on semiconductors such
as silicon & include FET’s and BJT’s.
Vacuum tube devices operate on the ballistic motion
of electrons in a vacuum under the influence of
controlling electric or magnetic fields and include
magnetron,klystron,TWT and gyrotron.
USES OF MICROWAVE SIGNALS
Used for cooking food.
Used in Radar.
Wireless LAN protocols,such as Bluetooth and the
IEEE 802.11g specification also use microwaves in the
2.4 GHz ISM band.
Used in communication satellite transmissions
because microwaves pass easily through the earth’s
atmosphere with less interference than longer
wavelengths.
NETWORKING SYSTEM OF RAILWAYS
PRS-Passenger Reservation System
This is the full proof Reservation system used by
Railways.
To facilitate hassle free reservation Indian Railway has
divided the entire network into 5 hubs-
Secunderabad,New Delhi,Kolkata,Mumbai and
Chennai.
UTS-Un-Reserved Ticketing System
UTS is the complete solutin to provide computerized
unreserved tickets to railway passengers.
FOIS-Freight Operations Information System.
CMS-Crew Management System
It is aimed at providing information regarding the
main line crew at all times.
ICMS-Integrated Coach Management System
COAS-Control Office Application System
It is concerned with the controlling of train
movement.
THANK YOU