Scribd
Upload
250 views68 pages

Evolusi Dan Keanekaragaman Mikroorganisme

This document discusses microorganisms including their diversity, structure, and evolution. It describes different types of microbes such as bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses. Key details include descriptions of bacterial cell structure, archaea typically living in extreme environments, fungi and algae being eukaryotic, and viruses being the smallest and only able to replicate inside host cells. Examples are provided of pathogenic bacteria, archaea in biogas production, and uses of algae, fungi, and protozoa.

Uploaded by

dian furqoni
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
250 views68 pages

Evolusi Dan Keanekaragaman Mikroorganisme

This document discusses microorganisms including their diversity, structure, and evolution. It describes different types of microbes such as bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses. Key details include descriptions of bacterial cell structure, archaea typically living in extreme environments, fungi and algae being eukaryotic, and viruses being the smallest and only able to replicate inside host cells. Examples are provided of pathogenic bacteria, archaea in biogas production, and uses of algae, fungi, and protozoa.

Uploaded by

dian furqoni
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 68

EVOLUSI DAN

KEANEKARAGAMAN
MIKROORGANISME
Prilya Dewi Fitriasari, M.Sc.
HIPOTESIS
KEANEKARAGAMAN
MIKROBIA
Ruang lingkup mikrobia:
• Bakteria
• Archaea
• Fungi
• Protozoa
• Algae
• Virus
STRUKTUR MIKROBIA
Mikrobia aselular:
• virus
Mikrobia prokaryotik:
• bakteria
• archaea
Mikrobia eukaryotik:
• Fungi
• Protozoa
• Algae
VIRUS
VIRUS
• Tidak bisa hidup tanpa inang hidup(parasite obligat)
• Ukuran terkecil diameter 40 nm, terbesar diameter 80
nm
• Hanya memiliki 1 jenis asam nukleat (DNA/RNA)
• Mikroorganisme Aseluler
• Dapat dikristalkan
VIRUSES VS CELLS

Viruses Cells

•DNA or RNA, not •DNA and RNA


both •Often free-living
•Obligate intracellular
parasites •Complex cellular
•Simple, acellular structure
organization •Progeny
•Assembled from new components derived
components from parent
•Energy parasites •Generate energy
VIRUS STRUCTURE

Capsid Capsomers Nucleocapsid Envelope


(structural The complex of
a protein shell subunits) Lipid bilayer
surrounding the nucleic acid and membrane
nucleic acid individual protein protein and viral
molecules protein
composing a surrounding
capsid. They are
the
arranged in a
precise and highly nucleocapsid
repetitive pattern
around the nucleic
acid
• The enveloped viruses contain a lipid bilayer membrane
surrounding the nucleocapsid, while others are naked
viruses
STRUKTUR VIRUS
JENIS VIRUS

bacteriophage

Virus flu Virus tumbuhan


BACTERIOPHAGE: VIRUS
BAKTERI
SIKLUS REPLIKASI
BACTERIOPHAGE
VIRUS HEWAN & MANUSIA
• Virus influinzae
• Virus rabies
• HIV
VIRUS INFLUINZAE
VIRUS RABIES
HIV: AGENSIA AIDS

• Menyerang sel T limfosit


• Korban kehilangan imunitas
• Retrovirus
• ssRNA
• Reverse trnscriptase
HIV
MEKANISME INFEKSI HIV
ssRNA
↓
dsRNA/DNA
↓
ssDNA
↓
dsDNA
↓
Integrasi dengan DNAkhromosom
VIRUS EBOLA
SEL PROKARYOTIK:
TANPA ORGANELA

Struktur sel bakteri


BAKTERI
• Kelompok organisme prokaryotic, cosmopolite (dapat
ditemui dimana-mana)
• Tidak memiliki kloroplas
• Alat gerak : flagel (motilitas)
• Penghasil endospore (untuk bakteri Gram -, batang)
• Ukuran mikroskopis 4-8 mikron
• Peranan Bakteri : patogen (penyebab penyakit), penghasil
antibiotik, penghasil enzim penting (lipase, selulase, dll)
• Bakteri : eubacteria (uniseluler, prokaryotic);
archaebacterial (non parasit, hidup di lingkungan ekstrem)
• Struktur sel : dinding sel memiliki peptidoglycan
• Bentuk sel : batang, bulat, spiral, dll.
• Reproduksi : pembelahan binner, fragmentasi
SEL BAKTERI

KOLONI BAKTERI
SEL BAKTERI:
MORFOLOGI
BAKTERI: ACTINOMYCETES
SEL BAKTERI: ACTINOMYCETES

Streptomyces indonesiensis
SEL ARCHAEA: MORFOLOGI
ARCHAEA
• Archea  Kuno (Yunani)
• Habitat tempat ekstrem (suhu tinggi  sumber air panas,
kawah gunung berapi, suhu rendah  es, dll.)
• Prokaryotik
• Archaea dikelompokkan : - Anaerob, - Thermophylic,
- Halophylic , - Methanogenes
• Uniseluler
• Dinding sel : polisakarida, protein non-peptidoglycan
• Reproduksi : pembelahan binner, tunas (budding),
fragmentasi
• Peranan : Penghasil enzim (untuk industri), bioremediasi,
biogas
ARCHAEA
ALGAE

Red algae
Volvox

Euglena
Diatomae
ALGA
• Protista photoautotroph  punya pigmen fotosintetik
• Habitat : air, sawah, sungai, danau (aquatic)
• Uniseluler/multiseluler
• Eukaryotik
• Dinding sel : silica, selulosa, hemiselulosa, kalsium karbonat,
polisakarida, pectin
• Alga : alga hijau/biru
COMMON
CHARACTERISTICS
• Cell
• Unicellular, multicellular
• Colonial
• Larger than bacteria, can easily seen by microscope at
100 x magnification
• Like fungi, algae have nucleus and classified as
Eucarya
• Filamentous algae look like fungi but algae can perform
photosynthesis
COMMON CHARACTERISTICS
• Chloroplast
• Contain chlorophyll a and chlorophyll/pigment
accessory:
• Chlorophyll b,c,d) green
• xanthophyll brown
• carotenoid red
• Pigmentation : greenyellow-greenbrownred
CHARACTERISTICS TO
CLASSIFY ALGAE
• Chlorophyll
• Carbon reserved material
• Cell wall structure
• Type of motility
Algal group Common Morphology Pigments Typical
(Division) name representatives
Euglenophyta Euglenoid Unicellular, Chlorophyll a & b Euglena
flagellated

Dinoflagellata Dinoflagellate Unicellular, Chlorophyll a & Gonyaulax,


flagellated c, xanthophyll Pfiesteria

Chrysophyta Golden-brown Unicellular Chlorophyll a & c Nitzschia


algae, diatom

Chlorophyta Green algae Unicellular to Chlorophyll a & b Chlamydomonas


leafy

Phaeophyta Brown algae Filamentous to Chlorophyll a & Laminaria


leafy, c, xanthophyll
occasionally
massive and
plantlike
Rhodophyta Red algae Unicellular, Chlorophyll a & Polysiphonia
filamentous to d, phycocyanin,
leafy phycoerythrin
Algal group Carbon reserve Cell wall Major habitat
(Division) material
Euglenophyta Paramylon No wall present Fresh water, a
starch few marine

Dinoflagellata Starch Cellulose Mainly marine

Chrysophyta Lipids 2 overlapping Freshwater,


components marine, soil
made of silica
Chlorophyta Starch, sucrose Cellulose Freshwater, soil,
a few marine
Phaeophyta Lammarian, Cellulose Marine
mannitol

Rhodophyta Floridean starch Cellulose Marine


PROTOZOA
PROTOZOA
• Organisme uniseluler, eukaryotic
• Motil  dapat bergerak menggunakan : cilia, flagel,
pseuphodia
• Heterotrof
• Berkoloni, soliter (mandiri)
• Habitat : aquatic (perairan)
• Ukuran : 100-300 micron
• Klasifikasi berdasarkan alat gerak
- Flagellata  flagel (bulu cambuk)
- Ciliata  cilia (bulu getar)
- Pseudophodia
PROTOZOA
• Protozoa and higher animals hydrolyze solid organics
internally.
• Have complex metabolic systems that allow them to
metabolize the nutrients and release inert portions
back into the environment.
• Bacteria form the major food supply for protozoa
• Most of the protozoa are aerobic, a few are
anaerobic need a lot of organic matter to produce
energy because most of energy remains in partially
metabolized organic compounds
PROTOZOA
• Unicellular
• No cell wall
• Colorless
• No chlorophyll
• Motile  taxonomy
• Size 10 um – several hundred microns
• Microscopic examination at 100 x allows observation of
protozoa characteristics to identify different organisms
• Fresh water
HABITATS
• Marine
• Soil
• Animals-humans (parasite)
FAMILIES OF PROTOZOA
• Sarcodina  amoeba

• Mastigophora  flagellate

• Euglenoid  euglena

• Ciliophora  ciliate

• Apicomplexa  sporozoa
Group (Family) Common Typical Habitat Common
name representative disease
s
Sarcodina Amoeba Amoeba, Fresh water, Dysentery
Entamoeba marine, animal
parasite

Mastigophora Flagellate Trypanosoma, Freshwater, African


Giardia, animal sleeping
Leishmania parasite sickness,
giardiasis,
leishmaniasis
Euglenoid Phototrophic Euglena Fresh water, None
flagellate some marine
Ciliophora Ciliate Balantidium, Fresh water, Dysentery
Paramaecium marine, animal
parasite,
rumen
Apicomplexa Sporozoa Plasmodium, Animal Malaria,
Toxoplasma parasite, insect Toxoplasmosis
(vector)
FUNGI

Rhizopus Penicillium

Aspergillus
Glucidum
FUNGI
• Eukaryotik
• Fungi ≠ Tumbuhan
• Tidak memiliki kloroplas (heterotroph)
• Dinding sel : chitin  sama seperti eksoskeleton pada
arthropoda
• Reproduksi : Seksual & Aseksual (spora/konidia)
• Memiliki hifa (filamentous fungi)
• Klasifikasi :
- Ascomycotina
- Zygomycotina
- Basidiomycotina
Habitat : tempat lembab, tanah, daerah perairan.
FUNGAL CLASSIFICATION

• Traditionally
based on:
• Sexual spore-
producing
structures
• Hyphal
characteristics
• Molecular
evidence
TERIMA KASIH

You might also like