LNG Process Overview

C Poh
PTU/L - LNG

June 2012

Shell Projects & Technology RESTRICTED June 2012 1

Agenda

LNG Characteristics
Terminology
Why LNG?
LNG Value Chain
The LNG Plant
MMLS

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 LNG Characteristics
What are the key characteristics of LNG?
LNG consists mainly of methane (C1)
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is a colourless, cryogenic liquid
LNG has an atmospheric boiling point of –163 ºC to –160 ºC
Depending on composition, LNG has a density of 450 – 465 kg/m3
1 m3 of LNG at atmospheric pressure equals 600 sm3 of gas
… and what are the consequences of these characteristics?
LNG is very cold → when spilt, it will cause frostbite on your skin
LNG in ambient conditions vaporizes quickly → it needs to be kept
in cryogenic insulated storage (= expensive and heavy)
Even when stored in a cryogenic tank, some LNG will vaporize →
this should be addressed in any design
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 Terminology

Sales Gas WATER

Impurities
CO2 H2S HG
LNG Feed NITROGEN
GTL Feed
Associated
Gas

NGLs METHANE LNG

Ethane 80 - 95 MOL% / Grid
Propane
Wellhead
Butane
Fluid
Condensate ETHANE
PROPANE
NGL LPG’s
BUTANE
Crude Oil C5+

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 Why LNG?

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Gas schemes

Pipeline gas scheme

treating Transmission
distribution
& recompression

LNG chain
transmission

distribution
Deep treating LNG storage Receiving terminal
Shipping
& Liquefaction & loading & re-gasification

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Comparison of transportation methods
Cost

VLCC

Distance
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 LNG Value Chain

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 The LNG PLant

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 Block Flow Diagram: LNG plant

CO2, Sulphur,
Air or water
Cooling
ACID GAS
H2O,
INCINERATOR Mercury

Natural Inlet Treating &

Storage &
gas Station Drying Liquefaction Loading

Field
Condensate Water LNG
Fractionation LPG
Plant
Condensate

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Slug catcher

Gas to
AGRU

Liquids to
Fractionatio
n Unit

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 Fractionation / NGL extraction

C1/C2
reinjected
back to LNG
or routed to
Fuel gas
system

LPG /
Condensate to
storage

Typical fractionation unit: Demethanizer-Deethanizer-Depropanizer-Debutanizer

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 Acid gas removal – Molsieve dehydration – Mercury
removal

Gas from
Wet gas to
Slug
Molsieve
catcher

Hg
guard Dry mercury free
bed
gas to liquefaction

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Liquefaction unit

Main Cryogenic Heat

Exchanger (MCHE)

Typical liquefaction circuit

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LNG storage & loading

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 LNG Technology

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Principle of mechanical refrigeration

Heat
Example:
first level of Cooler
propane cooling
Air, 30 °C

Power 20 bar propane

80 °C 57 °C

Compressor
Gasturbine 4.7 bar
0 °C J-T value

Heat

Natural Heat exchanger

gas
46 °C 3 °C

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 C3/MR

LNG LNG
-161 C -161 C

…. ……
Methane Methane
-123 C -123 C

-120 C -120 C

….
-33 C MR -33 C MR

-30 C Ethane -30 C Ethane

Propane Propane

NG NG

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 MMLS

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MMLS – Movable Modular Liquefaction System

Unique Shell concept, developed in US

Containerised mini-scale LNG facility
 Limited site preparation work required, simple to install and to redeploy
 Capacity around 0.25 Mtpa (multiple units for higher capacity)
 Generally international standards applied with Shell safety requirements and LNG experience
overlayed
 Costs similar to ‘conventional’ mini-scale LNG
Designed in collaboration with fabrication company with track record in mini/micro scale LNG
FEED for generic MMLS completed
 Standardized design allows global deployment
 Plug & Play functionality with optional units allows tailoring to individual opportunities without
design change (e.g. power generation, LPG & condensate export, feed-gas compression)

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 MMLS: Combination of Shell’s world leading LNG experience
and cost effective small scale equipment packaging.

• Combination of Shell’s world leading LNG experience and Moveable Modular Liquefaction System (Full system
cost effective small scale equipment packaging
• Capacity 0.1-0.25 mtpa (15-40 mmscfd feed gas)
• Standardized design for range of gas compositions and air
temperatures using only proven technology.
• Requires very limited site/country specific adaptation. Allows
pre-ordering before permits.
• fully packaged on road transportable skids including pipe
racks and utilities.
• Fully pre-commissioned at Vendor
• 24 month or less design/fabricate/install/Commission
schedule
• Completed all design and project maturation and internal
safety reviews and assurance activities to similar depth as Typical equipment skid
“large Shell LNG project”.
• Production Performance guarantee by Shell similar to “large”
LNG
• Final Investment Decision for Canada Fuels project taken. To
be announced Sept 9.
• Same plant will work at Cameron with addition of optional
C5+ stripping column.
• Shell has priced options for additional units.
• Shell has mechanism in place to manage and assure delivery
of multiple
SHELLplant packages.
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 DESIGN FEATURES

Basic features Optional features

Capacity 15-30 MMSCFD feed gas (0.1- Feed gas compression (up to 60 bar)
0.25 mtpa LNG)
Feed gas source: raw well gas, pipeline gas TSA molsieve for CO2 removal (up to 0.25
mol%)
Simple inlet separation (no slugcatcher) Fractionation units (Deethaniser,
Debutaniser)
Operating pressure 40 bar – 60 bar LPG, condensate storage
Amine system to remove up to 3% CO2 and Power generation facilities
34 ppm H2S
TSA molsieve dehydration
Guard beds for trace contaminants removal
Cold box and demethaniser
MR compressor
LNG storage
Flare system
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 Chart Cold Box

Brazed fin aluminum heat exchanger

used in majority of small scale LNG
and peak shaving plants.
Chart is major supplier of this type
exchanger.
Many units in service in Shell in NGL
plants, etc
LNG Plant design by Salof and Shell.
Shell have gone thru full review of
Chart equipment according to internal
technology release process for use in
LNG service.

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 MMLS – Process Block FLOW Diagram
Blue blocks, in several cases not required
Full MMLS contains about 100 container size modules
Typical application requires about 60 modules

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Layout

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 MMLS – LNG
For Transport

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Conventional Supply Chain versus LNG in Transport

LNG Carrier
Regas Terminal

CONVENTIONA
L
Power Plant

LNG Refuelling
Station
LNG
Trailer Truck

Small Scale
Liquefaction LNG ROAD
Fuelled Truck
Small Terminal

LNG
Bunker Vessel

LNG
Small LNG Carrier Fuelled Vessel MARINE

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Canadian Green Corridor Project

1 MMLS unit near Calgary at existing Shell site

Process pipeline gas into LNG fuel for Trucks, Drill rigs, Mining,
Rail.
Final investment decision taken August 2011
Plant contract award planned for Oct 2011
Part of Global LNG fuels strategy
Startup 2013 Typical equipment skid

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CGC Project - First MMLS Application
EXAMPLE:
COMMERCIALISING LNG FOR
TRANSPORT

Fort St Fort Mc
John Murray
Grande
Prairie
Canada Green Corridor FID 2011
 FID for 0.3 mtpa LNG Edmonton
 Long distance truck fuel
 LNG retail infrastructure

Calgary

Vancouve Jumping Pound

r

ENGINES MODIFIED FOR LNG LNG POWERED TRUCK

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 SHELL’S GLOBAL LNG PORTFOLIO
STRATEGI

MARKETS
ACCESS
TO KEY

ALTAMIRA BAJA COVE POINT ELBA ISLAND DUBAI HAZIRA SPAIN

LNG FOR
TRANSPORT
SHIPPING

GREEN
CORRIDOR
ARKAT
EXPORT

BRUNEI LNG MALAYSIA LNG

LNG - OPERATION
LNG - CONSTRUCTION
REGAS POSITION - OPERATION

SAKHALIN II NORTH WEST

SHELF

PLUTO QATARGAS 4 NIGERIA LNG OMAN LNG

QALHAT* WHEATSTONE PRELUDE GORGON LNG
(WOODSIDE)* LNG
* Indirect Interest
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Movie – MMLS

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RESTRICTED 33
Cascade process

LNG
-161 C
-164 C
Methane

-100 C

Ethylene

-103 C
-30 C

Propane

NG

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LNG Liquefaction technology

C3/MR [APCI, Shell] majority of the LNG plants

Optimised Cascade Process [Philips] [Darwin; Trinidad]
DMR [Shell] [Sakhalin]
SMR [APCI] [Libya]
MFCP [Linde] [Snohvit]
C3-MR-N2 (AP-X) [APCI ] [Qatar]
C3 PMR [Shell]
Liquefin [Axens]

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 LNG Regas Terminal

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 Block Flow Diagram: LNG Regas Terminal

Pipeline
LNG Vent/Flare
Compressor
Carrier BOG
Vapour Compressor
Return Arm
N2
Injection
Unit
Unloading
Arms Recondenser
In-tank
Pumps Metering
LNG Vaporisers Station
Tanks

HP
Pumps Odorization
N2 Injection
Unit
Instrument
Electricity Nitrogen Firewater
Air
Potable Fuel gas
Seawater Dotted lines indicate Optional Units
water

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 Regas Technology

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 Open Rack Vaporizer (ORV)

 Consists of panels with a large number of heat transfer tubes

 Excellent operating experience & safety record
 Heat medium is seawater, low energy consumption
 More susceptible to seawater quality
 Gas temperature limited by SW temp.
 Cannot be used in cold climates

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 Submerged Combustion Vaporizer (SCV)

 Proven experience
 Heat source is from burning NG
 Fuel rate: 1.3 – 1.5% of gas throughput – can be costly!
 Allows high gas sendout temperatures

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Shell & Tube Vaporizer (STV)

• Shell & tube heat exchanger with closed loop heating

medium
• Heating medium – water/glycol heated by gas fired heaters

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Ambient Air Vaporizer (AAV)

• Air cooled heat exchanger

• Heat source is air with supplemental heat

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Hybrid Vaporizer (SPX/SCV)

• Closed loop recirculation system with heat source from air

• Air tower serves as heating function
• Supplemental heat from SCV during winter

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Intermediate Fluid Vaporizer (IFV)

• Some operating experience

• Low energy consumption
• Less susceptible to seawater quality – titanium tubes
• Gas temperature limited by SW temp.
• Cannot used in cold climates
• Require intermediate fluid – e.g. propane, butane
LNG Vaporizer NG

LNG Vaporization I.F. Condensation I.F. Vaporization

NG Heating

LNG

Sea
I.F. Vaporizer NG Heater Water

Sea Water

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