Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 43 views

    Untitled

    Uploaded by

    Apitrat Nutagama
    1. The document discusses liquefied natural gas (LNG), the LNG chain, and liquefaction processes. 2. It describes the key steps in the LNG chain from gas production and liquefaction to shipping and regasification at LNG terminals. 3. The main liquefaction processes discussed are the cascade system and mixed refrigerant system, which use cycles of refrigerants to cool natural gas to -160°C and liquefy it. Heat exchangers like shell-and-tube and plate-fin types are also explained.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Untitled

    Uploaded by

    Apitrat Nutagama
    43 views42 pages
    1. The document discusses liquefied natural gas (LNG), the LNG chain, and liquefaction processes. 2. It describes the key steps in the LNG chain from gas production and liquefaction to shipping and regasification at LNG terminals. 3. The main liquefaction processes discussed are the cascade system and mixed refrigerant system, which use cycles of refrigerants to cool natural gas to -160°C and liquefy it. Heat exchangers like shell-and-tube and plate-fin types are also explained.

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    1. The document discusses liquefied natural gas (LNG), the LNG chain, and liquefaction processes. 2. It describes the key steps in the LNG chain from gas production and liquefaction to shipping and regasification at LNG terminals. 3. The main liquefaction processes discussed are the cascade system and mixed refrigerant system, which use cycles of refrigerants to cool natural gas to -160°C and liquefy it. Heat exchangers like shell-and-tube and plate-fin types are also explained.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    43 views42 pages

    Untitled

    Uploaded by

    Apitrat Nutagama
    1. The document discusses liquefied natural gas (LNG), the LNG chain, and liquefaction processes. 2. It describes the key steps in the LNG chain from gas production and liquefaction to shipping and regasification at LNG terminals. 3. The main liquefaction processes discussed are the cascade system and mixed refrigerant system, which use cycles of refrigerants to cool natural gas to -160°C and liquefy it. Heat exchangers like shell-and-tube and plate-fin types are also explained.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 42

    2186671:

    ADV. NATURAL GAS ENGINEERING

    LNG Part 1: Liquefaction

    Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kreangkrai Maneeintr

    Department of Mining and Petroleum


    Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University
    OVERVIEW

     Introduction
     LNG Chain
     Liquefaction

    VDO Clip 13.1-13.3 An Introduction to Liquefied Natural Gas


    INTRODUCTION

    WHAT IS LNG?
    • A liquid derived from cooled natural gas at the temperature
    of -160°C/-163°C (-260°F) at atmospheric pressure.
    Colourless and odourless.
    • One volume of this liquid takes up about 1/600th the
    volume of natural gas at a stove burner tip. LNG weighs
    less than one-half that of water, actually about 45% as
    much.
    • LNG is non-corrosive, and non-toxic. When vaporized it
    burns only in concentrations of 5% to 15% when mixed
    with air.
    • Neither LNG, nor its vapor, can explode in an unconfined
    environment.
    INTRODUCTION

    WHAT IS LNG?
    • Natural gas is composed primarily of methane (typically,
    at least 90%), but may also contain ethane, propane and
    heavier hydrocarbons.

    How to keep LNG cold ? The insulation, as efficient as it


    is, will not keep the temperature of LNG. LNG will stay at
    near constant temperature if kept at constant pressure.
    This phenomenon is called "autorefrigeration".
    INTRODUCTION

    LNG Plant Entry Gas Specifications


     Gas processed in the LNG
    Plant must follow very strict
    specifications before entering
    the liquefaction unit.
     Low temperatures would
    generate plugging of the plant
     Carbon dioxide « freezes » at
    -78 °C
     Mercury must be removed to
    prevent corrosion of aluminum
    made equipment
    LNG CHAIN

    LNG Chain

    Ref: Ducros and Pech (2014)


    LNG CHAIN

    LNG Chain
     A “chain” is not only a technical approach but an
    economic strategic approach as well.
     A gas field will never be developed without a defined
    market. A grass root LNG plant will never be built without
    serious guarantees and long term commitment.
     The commitment is not only “buying LNG” but giving the
    possibility to transport it and regasify it.
     On the other hand, it is possible to build a terminal
    and/or tanker without LNG commitment but….the
    financing will be a real challenge and owners will be at
    risk.
     LNG tankers are most of the time dedicated to a specific
    route.
    LNG CHAIN

    LNG Chain Ref: Ducros and Pech (2014)


    LNG CHAIN

    LNG Chain: The Liquefaction


     LNG production is organized by
    “train”, it means production
    Unit.
     Train capacity is today between
    3 and 8 Mt/year.
     The Plant includes the receiving
    facilities, the gas treatment, the
    liquefaction, the storage, the
    unloading facilities and the
    utilities - general services.
     Very often project finance is Yemen LNG: 6.7 Mt/year ( 2 trains)
    implemented.
     An operating Company is
    generally in charge of the Plant.
    Ref: Ducros and Pech (2014)
    LNG CHAIN

    LNG Chain: Overall LNG Processes

    Ref: Ducros and Pech (2014)


    LNG CHAIN

    LNG Chain

    LNG Carriers LNG Terminal


    LIQUEFACTION

    Liquefaction Processes
     The liquefaction plants are based on refrigeration
    cycles with alternatively condensing and evaporating
    working fluids.
     The cooling and condensation of the natural gas takes
    place in heat exchangers between the gas itself and
    the refrigerant.
     We can say also that the liquefaction process is
    similar to the home refrigerator.
     But what kind of refrigerant fluid can be used for the
    natural gas liquefaction process?
    VDO Clip 13.4-13.5 LNG Liquefaction
    LIQUEFACTION

    Liquefaction Processes
     Natural gas liquefaction is
    achieved along complex
    processes.
     They all are based on the same
    succession of four basic Steps:
    vaporization, compression,
    condensation and expansion.
     The very low temperature
    required for the LNG necessitate
    the use of several selected
    refrigerants or mixed
    refrigerants.
    LIQUEFACTION

    Liquefaction Processes: Heat Exchange


    Efficiency
    LIQUEFACTION

    Liquefaction Processes: Heat Exchange


    Efficiency
    LIQUEFACTION

    Liquefaction Processes
    There are 2 main types of liquefaction processes
    1. Cascade System
    2. Mixed Refrigerant System
    LIQUEFACTION

    Cascade Cycle
    • The process involves 3 cycles in cascade, using a pure
    refrigerant in each of the cycles.
    • First cycle uses C3 and helps to reach -35°C.
    • NG is liquefied under pressure at -100°C in a cycle
    operating with ethylene and is subcooled to -155°C using
    the C1 cycle.
    • C3 compressed to 13 bars in the first cycle is condensed
    by cooling water.
    • Vaporization of the C3 at -35°C cools the natural gas and
    condenses ethylene
    • C2H4 vaporization at -100°C liquefy natural gas and
    condense C1 compressed to 39 bars. Then a last flash of
    the liquid phase helps to reach vapor-liquid equilibrium.
    LIQUEFACTION

    Cascade Cycle
    LIQUEFACTION

    Mixed Refrigerant Process


    The refrigeration stream flow is complicated; the low
    temperature mixed refrigerants, which is a mixture of
    nitrogen, methane, ethane and propane, is compressed in
    two cases of a compressor, cooled by water cooling, and
    then partially condensed in the precooling cycle by the
    precooling refrigerant. The liquid portion of this mixed
    refrigerant is condensed in the warm section of the
    cryogenic heat exchanger, expanded through an expansion
    valve, and then vaporized into the warm section of the heat
    exchanger where it performs its cooling function.
    LIQUEFACTION

    Mixed Refrigerant Process


    The vapor stream from the separator is also passed through
    this warm section of the exchanger where it is partially cooled
    and condensed. It is then further cooled and condensed in the
    cold section of the cryogenic heat exchanger, then itself is
    expanded through a Joule/Thompson valve and fed into the
    top of the cold section of the exchanger. The vaporized mixed
    refrigerant leaves the bottom of the cryogenic heat exchanger
    and is cross-exchanged with the incoming natural gas before
    being fed back to the compressor suction.
    LIQUEFACTION

    Mixed Refrigerant Process


    LIQUEFACTION

    Mixed Refrigerant Process


    LIQUEFACTION

    Cooling Curves
    This figure shows a comparison
    of the 9 level cascade and MR
    process.

    The objective is to recover as


    much as possible of the heat
    removed by heat exchanger
    and also minimize the power
    required for the process, thus
    the closer approach is the
    better.
    LIQUEFACTION

    Heat Exchanger
    Basic types of heat exchangers used
    1. Air fin coolers
    2. Conventional shell and tube
    3. Brazed plate-fin type
    4. Wound type exchangers

    VDO Clip 13.6-13.8 LNG Heat Exchangers


    LIQUEFACTION

    Heat Exchanger – Wound Type


    LIQUEFACTION

    Heat Exchanger – Wound Type

    Ref: www.linde.com
    LIQUEFACTION

    Heat Exchanger – Brazed plate-fin type


    LIQUEFACTION

    Heat Exchanger – Brazed plate-fin type

    Ref: www.linde.com
    LIQUEFACTION

    Comparison of LNG Processes


    LIQUEFACTION

    Comparison of LNG Processes


    LIQUEFACTION

    Comparison of LNG Processes


    LIQUEFACTION

    Liquefaction Plant: Qatar Gas

    Ref: Ducros and Pech (2014)


    LIQUEFACTION

    Liquefaction Plant: Snohvit, Norway

    August 2005

    June 2003

    Ref: Ducros and Pech (2014)


    LIQUEFACTION

    Liquefaction Plant: Balhaf, Yemen

    Start 2009

    Ref: Ducros and Pech (2014)


    LIQUEFACTION

    Liquefaction Processes
     Five main liquefaction processes are available today
    on the market:
    1. APCI - the most widely used process over the world
    2. Conoco-Phillips modified cascade (Kenai, Trinidad-
    Tobago, Idku, Darwin, Equatorial Guinea, Angola,
    several plants under construction in Australia)
    3. Statoil-Linde ( Snovhit)
    4. Shell (Sakhalin)
    5. Liquefin- Axens
    LIQUEFACTION

    Liquefaction Processes
     Processes are mainly differentiated by the number of
    refrigeration cycles (or loops), and the type of
    refrigerant.
    - Dual loop processes: APCI, Axens, Shell
    - Three loop processes: Phillips optimized cascade,
    Statoil-Linde, new APCI (for large plants)
    Other main differences between various processes are
    the type of cooling-exchangers, the type of gas
    turbines, the extension of use of electric drivers, the
    adjustment of the power balance between the various
    cycles.
    LIQUEFACTION

    Summary: Main Processes

    Ref: Ducros and Pech (2014)


    LIQUEFACTION

    Summary: Cold Climate

    Ref: Ducros and Pech (2014)


    LIQUEFACTION

    Summary: Large Trains

    Ref: Ducros and Pech (2014)


    LIQUEFACTION

    Summary: FLNG

    Ref: Ducros and Pech (2014)


    DISCUSSION MOMENT

    1. LNG Chain
    2. Liquefaction Processes
    3. Other topics including the previous ones
    REFERENCES

    List of references and other sources


    1. Ducros, M., Pech, C., Gas and LNG Training Material,
    TPA, France, 2014
    2. Younger, A. H., Natural Gas Processing Principles and
    Technology Part 2, University of Calgary, Canada, 2004
    3. Auntie Wi(kipedia)
    4. Youtube
    5. Onepetro

    You might also like