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    The First Outbreak of Dengue Fever in Greater

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    Rizal Fahly
    This document summarizes the first outbreak of dengue fever in Greater Darfur, Western Sudan. It describes how an investigation found an unusually high number of non-malaria febrile illness cases reported in August 2015. Through testing suspected hemorrhagic fever patients in refugee camps between August 2015 to February 2016, the outbreak was confirmed to be dengue fever caused by DENV-1 and DENV-3. This was the first recorded outbreak of dengue in Darfur, with Aedes aegypti mosquitoes found to be the likely vector. The severity of cases was attributed to possible lack of prior exposure or co-circulation of multiple virus strains.

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    The First Outbreak of Dengue Fever in Greater

    Uploaded by

    Rizal Fahly
    97 views14 pages
    This document summarizes the first outbreak of dengue fever in Greater Darfur, Western Sudan. It describes how an investigation found an unusually high number of non-malaria febrile illness cases reported in August 2015. Through testing suspected hemorrhagic fever patients in refugee camps between August 2015 to February 2016, the outbreak was confirmed to be dengue fever caused by DENV-1 and DENV-3. This was the first recorded outbreak of dengue in Darfur, with Aedes aegypti mosquitoes found to be the likely vector. The severity of cases was attributed to possible lack of prior exposure or co-circulation of multiple virus strains.

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    about outbreak dengue fever in greater sudan

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    This document summarizes the first outbreak of dengue fever in Greater Darfur, Western Sudan. It describes how an investigation found an unusually high number of non-malaria febrile illness cases reported in August 2015. Through testing suspected hemorrhagic fever patients in refugee camps between August 2015 to February 2016, the outbreak was confirmed to be dengue fever caused by DENV-1 and DENV-3. This was the first recorded outbreak of dengue in Darfur, with Aedes aegypti mosquitoes found to be the likely vector. The severity of cases was attributed to possible lack of prior exposure or co-circulation of multiple virus strains.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    97 views14 pages

    The First Outbreak of Dengue Fever in Greater

    Uploaded by

    Rizal Fahly
    This document summarizes the first outbreak of dengue fever in Greater Darfur, Western Sudan. It describes how an investigation found an unusually high number of non-malaria febrile illness cases reported in August 2015. Through testing suspected hemorrhagic fever patients in refugee camps between August 2015 to February 2016, the outbreak was confirmed to be dengue fever caused by DENV-1 and DENV-3. This was the first recorded outbreak of dengue in Darfur, with Aedes aegypti mosquitoes found to be the likely vector. The severity of cases was attributed to possible lack of prior exposure or co-circulation of multiple virus strains.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 14

    The First Outbreak of Dengue Fever

    in Greater Darfur, Western Sudan

    Rizal Fahly
    Dr. Ariantin Ulfah, SpPD

    Divisi Infeksi Tropis


    Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam FK Unhas
    2019
    Introduction
    • Dengue fever (DF) is a mosquito-borne viral disease
    caused by one of four closely-related dengue virus
    serotypes (DENV1–4) of the genus Flavivirus and
    family Flaviviridae and it is mainly transmitted by
    Aedes aegypti with other species of Aedes mosquito
    involved.
    • Dengue infection has different clinical presentations
    ranged from a self-limiting flu-like illness to the fatal
    severe form of dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue
    shock syndrome
    Introduction
    • Dengue is a rapidly expanding arboviral infection
    currently present in at least 128 countries with an
    estimated 390 million dengue infections annually
    and 3.97 billion people at risk of infection
    • In Sudan, DF is considered a major public health
    issue in the eastern region of the country, where
    it has been reported since 1908, with endemicity
    and frequent outbreaks in the coastal and sub-
    coastal areas of the Red Sea and Kassala states
    Materials and Methods
    Study Area
    • This health facility-based cross-sectional study
    was conducted in 29 health facilities, mainly in
    refugee camps throughout Darfur region.
    • Darfur is a vast region of 5 federal states located
    in western Sudan, along the borders with Libya,
    Chad, Central African Republic, and South
    Sudan with a total area of 493,180 km2 and
    population of 9,241,369 individuals.
    Materials and Methods
    The Outbreak Investigation
    • An unusually high number of cases of non-malaria
    febrile illness were reported in the region in
    August 2015.
    • Based on the clinical presentation, identified
    suspected cases of hemorrhagic fever presenting
    to the health clinics of 29 refugee-camps in
    East,West, South, North, and Central Darfur states
    between August 29 2015 and February 16 2016.
    Results
    Results
    Results
    Discussion
    • The first outbreak of dengue fever in the Darfur
    area and confirmed the presence of DENV in all
    states of Darfur, except East Darfur.
    • The prevalence of dengue fever cases might be
    higher than reported here because of the passive
    nature of our survey and reliance on patients’
    presentation at the health facilities, imbalance in
    the blood sample donation between areas, and
    the refusal rate for blood donation
    Discussion
    • The majority (75%) of the detected DENV infections
    presented with bleeding, suggesting the involvement of
    dengue hemorrhagic fever, one of the severe forms of
    the disease according to the guidelines of the WHO
    • The severe clinical presentations of dengue fever cases
    during this outbreak seems to suggest a lack of previous
    exposure, but it could also be attributed to the co-
    circulation of two serotypes of dengue virus 1 and 3,
    since a secondary infection with a different serotype of
    the virus is a risk factor for developing severe disease
    Discussion
    • The high mortality rate in the first weeks of the
    outbreak might be attributed to the start of
    treatment before confirmation of DENV infection
    • The arrival of the UNAMID (The African Union-
    United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur)
    peacekeeping force to Darfur is a possible
    scenario for the introduction of the DENV into
    the area, as some of those troops are coming
    from dengue fever endemic areas
    Discussion
    • Another possible scenario for introducing DENV into
    the area is through immigrants from neighboring
    countries with endemic dengue fever, who came to
    work in the local gold mines
    • Later entomological surveys showed Ae. aegypti to be
    the dominant mosquito in the area, with an incidence
    of up to 86% in manmade water containers
    (unpublished data), which refugees use to store water.
    • This situation has most likely contributed to the
    epidemic of yellow fever in the same area in 2012
    Terima Kasih

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