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    Meiosis

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    Muhammad Hamza
    This document provides an overview of the cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, and the key phases and processes involved in each. It discusses how meiosis results in haploid gametes through two rounds of division from a single diploid cell, reducing the chromosome number. The first meiotic division separates homologous chromosomes, while the second divides sister chromatids. This allows for genetic variation in offspring through independent assortment and crossing over.

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    Meiosis

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Hamza
    178 views24 pages
    This document provides an overview of the cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, and the key phases and processes involved in each. It discusses how meiosis results in haploid gametes through two rounds of division from a single diploid cell, reducing the chromosome number. The first meiotic division separates homologous chromosomes, while the second divides sister chromatids. This allows for genetic variation in offspring through independent assortment and crossing over.

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    Meiosis PPT

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    This document provides an overview of the cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, and the key phases and processes involved in each. It discusses how meiosis results in haploid gametes through two rounds of division from a single diploid cell, reducing the chromosome number. The first meiotic division separates homologous chromosomes, while the second divides sister chromatids. This allows for genetic variation in offspring through independent assortment and crossing over.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    178 views24 pages

    Meiosis

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Hamza
    This document provides an overview of the cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, and the key phases and processes involved in each. It discusses how meiosis results in haploid gametes through two rounds of division from a single diploid cell, reducing the chromosome number. The first meiotic division separates homologous chromosomes, while the second divides sister chromatids. This allows for genetic variation in offspring through independent assortment and crossing over.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 24

    Introduction to Biology

    Name: Muhammad Hamza


    Cell Cycle
    • Series of events from the time a cell is produced
    till it is divided into two/four.
    • It has two phases:
    -Interphase (Preparatory phase)
    -M Phase ( Mitosis or Meiosis)
    Mitosis and Meiosis
    Mitosis: Type of cell division in which one
    parent cell is divided into two cells.

    Meiosis: Type of cell division in which one


    diploid cell is divided into four haploid cells.
    Meiosis
    • Gametes with half number of chromosomes, are
    produced.
    i.e. Diploid (2n)  haploid (n)
    • Reduction division.

    • Occurs only in sexual reproduction.

    • Two divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II).


    Meiosis
    • Meiosis in males is called spermatogenesis and
    produces sperm.

    • Meiosis in females is called oogenesis and


    produces egg cell or ovum.
    Interphase I
    • Similar to interphase of mitosis.
    -Chromosomes replicate (S phase).

    • Each duplicated chromosome has two identical


    sister chromatids attached at
    centromeres.
    • Centriole also replicate.
    Meiosis I (Phases)
    • Karyokinesis: Division of nucleus.
    -Four phases:
    a. Prophase I
    b. Metaphase I
    c. Anaphase I
    d. Telophase I
    • Cytokinesis: Division of Cell.
    Prophase I
    • Longest and most complex phase (90% of total time).
    • Chromosomes condense.
    • Synapsis occurs: homologous chromosomes come together
    to form a tetrad.
    (Homologous are chromosomes with similar shape and size)

    • Tetrad is two chromosomes or four chromatids (sister


    and non-sister chromatids).
    Prophase I
    Synapsis
    Homologous chromosomes

    sister chromatids sister chromatids


    Tetrad
    Crossing Over
    • Crossing over may occur between non-sister
    chromatids of Homologous chromosomes
    • Crossing over: Exchange of segments between non-
    sister chromatids at chiasmata.
    -Chiasmata are the sites of crossing over.
    Crossing Over
    Non-sister chromatids Tetrad

    chiasmata: site Exchange of


    of crossing over segments
    Prophase I
    • Nuclear membrane disappears.
    • Centrioles go to opposite poles.
    • Spindle fibers attach to centromeres

    Spindle fiber Centrioles


    Metaphase I
    • Shortest phase
    • Tetrads align on the metaphase plate.

    OR

    metaphase plate
    metaphase plate
    Anaphase I
    • Homologous chromosomes separate and move
    towards the poles.

    • Sister chromatids remain attached at their


    centromeres.
    Telophase I
    • Each pole now has haploid (n) set of
    chromosomes.

    • Cytokinesis occurs and two haploid daughter cells


    are formed.

    (Cytokinesis: Division of cell)


    Telophase I
    Cleavage Furrow
    Meiosis II
    • Interphase II
    (very short - no more DNA replication i.e. No S phase)

    • It is similar to mitosis
    Prophase II
    • Same as prophase in mitosis.
    • Nuclear envelop disappears
    • Spindle fibers attach to centromeres
    Metaphase II
    • Same as metaphase in mitosis.
    • Chromosomes align on Equator/ metaphase
    plate

    metaphase plate metaphase plate


    Anaphase II
    • Same as anaphase in mitosis
    • Sister chromatids separate and move
    towards opposite poles.
    Telophase II
    • Same as telophase in mitosis.
    • Nuclear envelop and nuclei are formed.
    • Cytokinesis occurs by cleavage furrow.
    • 4 Haploid daughter cells are formed.
    Telophase II Cleavage furrow
    Meiosis
    n=2

    sex cell sperm


    n=2
    n=2

    2n=4
    haploid (n)
    n=2
    diploid (2n) n=2

    n=2

    meiosis I meiosis II
    Significance
    • To maintain the no. of chromosomes in
    offspring.
    • Bringing the genetic variations.

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