STATCOM

Unit IV
EMERGING FACTS CONTROLLERS
 STATCOM
 UPFC
SVC
TCSC CONTROLLER
A basic TCSC module
A typical TCSC system.

STATCOM - Static Synchronous Compensator
It is a solid-state switching converter, capable of generating or
absorbing independently controllable real and reactive power at its
output terminals when it is fed from an energy source.
STATCOM is considered as voltage-source converter that, from a

given input of dc voltage, produces a set of 3-phase ac-output
voltages, each in phase with and coupled to the corresponding ac
system voltage through a relatively small reactance
STATCOM can improves
1. the dynamic voltage control in transmission and distribution

systems;
2. the power-oscillation damping in power-transmission
systems;
3. the transient stability;
4. the voltage flicker control; and
5. the control of not only reactive power but also (if needed)
active power in the connected line, requiring a dc energy
source.
STATCOM structure
1. it occupies a small footprint,
2. it factory-built equipment, thereby reducing site work and
commissioning time;
3. it uses encapsulated electronic converters, thereby minimizing its
environmental impact.
A STATCOM is similar to an ideal synchronous machine, which

generates a balanced set of three sinusoidal voltages—at the
fundamental frequency—with controllable amplitude and phase angle.
STATCOM power circuit
Reactive Power Generation
Magnitude Es>Et  Generates reactive power
Magnitude Es<Et  Absorbs reactive power

When supplying/absorbing Reactive Power
If the amplitude of the output voltage is increased above that of the utility
bus voltage, Et, then a current flows through the reactance from the
converter to the ac system and the converter generates capacitive-
reactive power for the ac system.
If the amplitude of the output voltage is decreased below the utility bus
voltage, then the current flows from the ac system to the converter and the
converter absorbs inductive-reactive power from the ac system.
If the output voltage equals the ac system voltage, the reactive-power

exchange becomes zero, in which case the STATCOM is said to be in a
floating state.
In reactive power generation, the real power provided by the dc source as

input to the converter must be zero. The primary need for the capacitor is
to provide a circulating-current path as well as a voltage source.
In practice, the semiconductor switches of the converter are not
lossless, so the energy stored in the dc capacitor is eventually used to
meet the internal losses of the converter, and the dc capacitor voltage
diminishes.
Hence by making the output voltages of the converter lag behind the
ac-system voltages by a small angle (usually in the 0.1–0.2 degree
range), the converter absorbs a small amount of real power from the
ac system to meet its internal losses and keep the capacitor voltage at
the desired level.
STATCOM power circuit with energy storage
Real Power Generation
Phase Es leads Et  Generates real power
Phase Es lags Et  Absorbs real power

When supplying/absorbing Real Power
Adjusting the phase shift between the converter-output voltage and
the ac system voltage can similarly control real-power exchange
between the converter and the ac system.
If the converter-output voltage is made to lead the ac-system

voltage, then the converter can supply real power to the ac system
from its dc energy storage.
If its voltage lags behind the ac-system voltage, then the it absorb
real power from the ac system for the dc system
V-I Characteristic
Junction temperature
of the converter switches
Maximum turn
off capability
of converter switches
STATCOM can supply both the capacitive and the inductive compensation and
is able to independently control its output current over the rated maximum
capacitive or inductive range irrespective of the amount of ac-system voltage.
That is, the STATCOM can provide full capacitive-reactive power at any system
voltage—even as low as 0.15 pu.
The characteristic of a STATCOM reveals another strength of this technology:
 It is capable of yielding the full output of capacitive generation almost

independently of the system voltage.
 Hence it supports the system voltage during and after faults where voltage
collapse would otherwise be a limiting factor.
The maximum attainable transient overcurrent in the capacitive region is

determined by the maximum current turn-off capability of the converter switches.
In the inductive region, the converter switches are naturally commutated;

STATCOM

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Unit IV

EMERGING FACTS CONTROLLERS

A basic TCSC module

A typical TCSC system.

STATCOM is considered as voltage-source converter that, from a

1. the dynamic voltage control in transmission and distribution

1. it occupies a small footprint,

2. it factory-built equipment, thereby reducing site work and

3. it uses encapsulated electronic converters, thereby minimizing its

A STATCOM is similar to an ideal synchronous machine, which

Magnitude Es<Et  Absorbs reactive power

If the output voltage equals the ac system voltage, the reactive-power

In reactive power generation, the real power provided by the dc source as

Real Power Generation

Phase Es leads Et  Generates real power

Phase Es lags Et  Absorbs real power

If the converter-output voltage is made to lead the ac-system

 It is capable of yielding the full output of capacitive generation almost

The maximum attainable transient overcurrent in the capacitive region is

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