Patterns of Inheritance
Patterns of Inheritance
Patterns of Inheritance
-Introduction to Genetics-
Genetics: the science of heredity and
variation
GENETICS- deals with the principles of heredity
and variation in all living things.
core science seeks to understand the molecular
and physical bases of biological diversity,
mechanism, and the principles that govern
heredity from one generation to another.
derived from “gen”; become or to grow into
something.
coined by William Bateson in 1906.
The Beginnings of Genetics
Recessive traits are expressed when the dominant allele not present. Two alleles
are needed for the recessive trait to be expressed. (lower case letter)
Ex from pea plants- short allele is recessive (t) Only tt plants are short.
Monohybrid Crosses and Mendel’s Principle of
Segregation
Parent genotypes:
TT and t t
Cross
TT X tt
4. "split" the letters of the genotype for each parent & put them "outside" the
p-square
5. determine the possible genotypes of the offspring by filling in the p-square
6. summarize results (genotypes & phenotypes of offspring).
Monohybrid cross: F2 generation
If you let the F1 generation self-fertilize, the next monohybrid cross would
be:
Tt x Tt
(tall) (tall)
Secret of the Punnett Square
Practice Punnett Square
Ex: Flower Color
P = purple (dominant
p = white (recessive)
matings that involve parents that differ in in two genes (two independent
traits).
The law states that genes for different traits can segregate independently
during the formation of gametes.
R= (round) and r= (wrinkled) be the alleles of the gene for seed shape.
Y= (yellow) and y= (green) the alleles for seed color.
Assume then that the female and male parents were RRYY (round and
yellow) and rryy (wrinkled and green), respectively.
Upon fertilization, all F1 seeds would have a genotype of RrYy producing
round and yellow seeds.
Mendel crossed RrYy x RrYy and found that alleles for seed shape and color
Based on the Law of Independent assortment,
F1 males and females may form 4 possible
gametes: RY, Ry, rY, and ry.
If F1 individuals are self or intercrossed, 16
possible combinations of gametes in the F2
resulting in 9 genotypes with
1:2:2:1:4:1:2:2:1 genotypic ratio.
4 phenotypes with a ratio of 9:3:3:1
Assume that in guinea pigs, dark brown fur (B) is
dominant to black fur (b). If you mate a black
guinea pig with a homozygous brown guinea pig,
what proportion of the progeny will be homozygous?
A.100%
B.50%
C.35%
D.none