A PowerPoint Presentation of

Experimental Research
By
Sucheta Mondal
A
Student of
East Calcutta Girls’ College
Roll No – 527
Registration No – 1171821400454
Education Department
P. G . Sem . 3
 Definition of Experimental Research

Experimental Research is defined

as ‘ Observations under controlled
Conditions.’

According to Riely ,
Experiment design is a powerful design
for testing hypotheses of causal relationship
among variables .
 Characteristics of Experimental Research

 Causal relationship between two variables .

 A researcher is manipulate variations in a particular
variable.
 Systematic, valid and reliable .
 Randomly assign participants to groups .
 Statistically comparing the groups .
 There are two threats –
(1) Internal Validity ,
(2) External Validity .
 Terminology / Terms used in Experimental Research
1. Independent , dependent and extraneous variables .
2. Control over the variables .
3. Control and experimental groups .
4. Observation and replication .
5. Experimental validity –
(1) Internal Validity ,
(2) External Validity .
1.(I) Independent Variable –
The variation does not depend on the variation
of another variable .
(II) Dependent Variable –
Supposed to get affected or changed with the
introduction and manipulation of the
independent variable .
 (III) Extraneous Variable –
No interest of the researchers . It is controlled
by the researcher .
2. Control over the variables –
Main characteristics of experimental research.
These may be carried out the following steps :-

A. Identifying and naming the variables involved –

The main goal of experimental research is the
cause and effect relationship between the two
variables independent and dependent variable .

B. Controlling the independent variable –

Researcher is control of the creating difference
between dependent variable .
C. Controlling the dependent variable –
Researcher is control for the process of observation
and measurement for collecting data .

D. Controlling the extraneous variable –

Difference between independent and dependent variables .

Methods of exercising control over extraneous

variables
 Eliminating or holding the variable constant .
 Variable constant .
 Matching.
 Randomization .
 Making use of the additional independent variable .
 Statistical Control .
 Eliminating or holding the variable constant :-
It can be achieved in the ways mentioned below –
I. Holding the participant variable constant :
Proceed for the constancy of the variables .
II. Holding the environmental variable constant :
Maintaining homogeneity in the environmental
conditions .
III. Restricting range of variability :
Holding a variable completely constant .

 Matching :-
Researchers to give a useful way to compare
treatments without having to use huge and
randomized groups .
 Randomization :-
Powerful tool for controlling a host of extraneous variables.
 Making use of the additional independent variable :-
. Other two variables .
. Changes systematically .
. Influence the dependent variable .
 Statistical Control :-
. Help to control extraneous variables ,
. Along with the independent variables .
 Control and experimental groups :-
. Randomized groups of the participants ,
. Receives treatment .
 Observation and Replication :-
. Observation differs from other researches ,
. Phenomena is controlled conditions ,
 Experimental validity – There are two kinds of validity :
I. Internal validity – Manipulated actually and observed
consequences in the experiment .
II. External validity – Desire external validity to the extent result .
Applied in a similar situation .

Types of Experimental Research

Experimental Research is of 4 types :-
 Pre Experimental Research –
Follow basic experimental steps but
fail to include a control group .

Characteristics –
 Single group of dividing them into control and experimental group.
 Expose each participant .
 Types
Pre experimental research is of 4 types –

 One shot case study ,

 Pretest – posttest pre experimental design ,
 Repeated measures design ,
 Static group comparison design .

 One shot Case Study –

• Experimental group exposed to independent variable .
• Observe the dependent variable .

Experimental Group - X O1
 Pretest – Posttest pre experimental design –

• Dependent variable measured and after introduction of the independent

variables .

Experimental group - O1 X O2

 Repeated measures design –

• Two test scores .

• Conclusion of a repeated measures .

Experimental - O1 X O2 X O2 X O3 X O4 X O5 X O6
Group
 Static Group comparison design –

• Experienced some treatment is compared with one that has not .

Experimental Pretest Score Treatment Posttest Score

Group - X O1

Control Group - No O2

Advantages –
 less number of participants .
 Sometimes the only reasonable choice .
 Require a large number of trials and comparison.
 Low level of error variance .
 Disadvantage –

 No provision of exercising proper control .

 Needs the repeating of the study with same participants .
 Accidental problem that is changed independent variable .
Aim of the research Name of the design Notation Comment
paradigm
To attempt to explain a One shot experimental X >> O1 Reliable
consequent by an case study of all .
antecedent
To evaluate the influence One group pretest posttest O1 >> X >> O2 No
of a variable exclusive
result .
To determine the influence Static group comparison Group 1 : X >> No
of a variable on one group O1 examinati
and not on another . Group 2 : X >> on .
O2
 True Experimental Design
 Researchers have complete control over the extraneous variable .

Characteristics –

 Manipulation ,
 Control ,
 Randomization .

Types
I. Posttest only equivalent group design .
II. Pretest –Posttest equivalent group design .
III. Solomon three or four equivalent group design .
I. Posttest only equivalent group design –
A hypothetical study concerning the relative effectiveness
of demonstration method .

Randomized group Pretest Score Treatment Posttest Score

Experimental group R - X1 O1
Control group R - X2 O2

II. Pretest Posttest equivalent group design –

It has an additional provision of pretesting .

Experiment group R Pretest Score Treatment Posttest Score

O1 X1 O2
Control group R O3 X2 O4
III. Solomon three or four equivalent group design –
Effectiveness of discussion method over the
lecture method in teaching sciences .

Randomized groups Pretest score Treatment posttest score

Experimental group O1 X1 O2
Control group O3 X2 O4
Experimental group - X1 O5
Control group - X2 O6
 Advantages :-

 Allows only one score for each participant .

 Formation of separate equivalent groups may be helpful .
 Employ large number of participants .

Disadvantages :-

 Differ not only on the independent variable , but also a number of

uncontrolled variable .
 Differ the conditions between two groups .
Aim of the Name of the Notation Comments
research design paradigm
To study the Pretest – posttest R – [O1 >>X>>O2] This design has
effect of an control group . been called ‘’ the
influence on a [O3>> - >>O4] old workhorse of
carefully traditional
controlled sample experimentation’
. ’. Data are
analyzed by
analysis of
covariance on
posttest scores
with the pretest
the covariate .

To minimize the Solomon four R – [O1 >>X1 This is an

effect of group design . >>O2] extension of the
pretesting. pretest-posttest
[O3>>X2>>O4] control group
[- >> X1 >> design .
O5]
[- >> X2 >>
O6]
To evaluate a Posttest only R – [ X1 >> O1 ] Probably ,the
 Factorial Design

Stand for the experimental design with more than one

independent variable .

Characteristics :-

 Involve two or more independent variable .

 Possible to test simultaneously several hypotheses .
 Capable of providing lot of information .
 Call for the factorial combination .
Types –

1 . Between subjects factorial designs .

2 . Within subjects factorial designs .
3 . Mixed designs involving within and between subjects designs .
4 . Experimental factorial designs .
5 . Non experimental factorial designs .
6 . Mixed designs incorporating experimental and non experimental
researches .
 Reference

1 . Mangal . S. K . Mangal . Subhra . Research Methodology of

behavioural sciences . (2018 ) . PHI Learning private limited.
Delhi .
Thank You