This document provides an overview of cooling towers, including their basic components and operating principles. It discusses how cooling towers work to remove heat from water using evaporation, thereby lowering the water's temperature. It also describes the different types of cooling towers, key factors that affect their performance, and important considerations for water treatment and maintenance.
This document provides an overview of cooling towers, including their basic components and operating principles. It discusses how cooling towers work to remove heat from water using evaporation, thereby lowering the water's temperature. It also describes the different types of cooling towers, key factors that affect their performance, and important considerations for water treatment and maintenance.
This document provides an overview of cooling towers, including their basic components and operating principles. It discusses how cooling towers work to remove heat from water using evaporation, thereby lowering the water's temperature. It also describes the different types of cooling towers, key factors that affect their performance, and important considerations for water treatment and maintenance.
This document provides an overview of cooling towers, including their basic components and operating principles. It discusses how cooling towers work to remove heat from water using evaporation, thereby lowering the water's temperature. It also describes the different types of cooling towers, key factors that affect their performance, and important considerations for water treatment and maintenance.
Scale formation – remove scale forming solids with softening agents – prevent scale forming materials by addition of chemicals – precipitate scale for removal
19 Water Composition Control (Solutions)
Corrosion – add chemical inhibitors (adds thin film to metal)
Fouling – use filtering devices – use dispersants with filtering devices
Wood decay – use biocides (chlorine or bromine) 20 Water Testing (by Operators)
pH of water total dissolved solids (TDS) inhibitor concentration chlorine or bromine concentration precipitant concentration filter and screen checks temperature and humidity 21 Humidity Measurements
22 Humidity -- Background Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air
Humidity is described in different ways
– "relative humidity," which is the term used most often in weather information meant for the public – Relative humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air compared with the amount of vapor needed to make the air saturated at the air's current temperature
Dewpoint temperature gives a much better estimate of the amount
of moisture actually present in the air – very important in determining precipitation amounts and even how comfortable you feel
23 Definitions
Absolute humidity: Mass of water vapor in a given
volume of air( i.e., density of water vapor in a given parcel, usually expressed in grams per cubic meter)
Dewpoint: Temperature air would have to be
cooled to in order for saturation to occur (Assumes there is no change in air pressure or moisture content of the air).
24 Definitions Wet bulb temperature: Lowest temperature that can be obtained by evaporating water into the air at constant pressure.
Name comes from the technique of putting a wet cloth over
the bulb of a mercury thermometer and then blowing air over the cloth until the water evaporates. Since evaporation takes up heat, the thermometer will cool to a lower temperature than a thermometer with a dry bulb at the same time and place. Wet bulb temperatures can be used along with the dry bulb temperature to calculate dew point or relative humidity.
25 Definitions
Relative humidity: The amount of water vapor
actually in the air divided by the amount of water vapor the air can hold. Relative humidity is expressed as a percentage and can be computed in a variety of ways.
One way is to divide the actual vapor pressure by
the saturation vapor pressure and then multiply by 100 to convert to a percent. 26 Sling Psychrometer
27 Humidity Determination
From wet and dry bulb temperatures
Use psychrometric charts
– find intersection of wet and dry bulb temperature lines – can read humidity from chart (y-axis)
