The document discusses various concepts related to cooling towers including apparatus dew point, fouling factors, bypass factor, wet-bulb temperature, refrigeration ton, coefficient of performance, filter types, film fill, splash fill, cycle of concentration, cooling tower losses, chemical addition, and vapor compression refrigeration systems.
The document discusses various concepts related to cooling towers including apparatus dew point, fouling factors, bypass factor, wet-bulb temperature, refrigeration ton, coefficient of performance, filter types, film fill, splash fill, cycle of concentration, cooling tower losses, chemical addition, and vapor compression refrigeration systems.
The document discusses various concepts related to cooling towers including apparatus dew point, fouling factors, bypass factor, wet-bulb temperature, refrigeration ton, coefficient of performance, filter types, film fill, splash fill, cycle of concentration, cooling tower losses, chemical addition, and vapor compression refrigeration systems.
The document discusses various concepts related to cooling towers including apparatus dew point, fouling factors, bypass factor, wet-bulb temperature, refrigeration ton, coefficient of performance, filter types, film fill, splash fill, cycle of concentration, cooling tower losses, chemical addition, and vapor compression refrigeration systems.
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Apparatus Dew Point (ADP) is the effective surface temperature of the cooling coil.
It is also the temperature at a fixed flow rate at which both sensible and latent heat gains are removed (from the conditioned space) at the required rates. It is also often called as the 'Coil Temperature'.
Fouling Factors in Heat Exchangers. ... The fouling factorrepresents the
theoretical resistance to heat flow due to a build-up of a layer of dirt or other fouling substance on the tube surfaces of the heat exchanger, but they are often overstated by the end user in an attempt to minimise the frequency of cleaning.
Bypass Factor is part of the total air through the coil which fails to come into contact with the surface of the cooling coil. Apparatus Dew Point (ADP) is the effective surface temperature of the cooling coil.
The wet-bulb temperature (WBT) is the temperatureread by a thermometer covered in water-
soaked cloth (wet-bulb thermometer) over which air is passed. At 100% relative humidity, the wet-bulb temperature is equal to the air temperature (dry-bulb temperature) and it is lower at lower humidity.
It is defined as the rate of heat transfer that results in the freezing (*or melting) of 1 short ton (2,000 lb; 907 kg) of pure ice at 0 °C (32 °F) in 24 hours. A refrigeration ton is approximately equivalent to 12,000 BTU/h or 3.5 kW.
The coefficient of performance or COP of a heat pump, refrigerator or air conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to work required. Higher COPs equate to lower operating
There are a variety of filter types, which generally fall into four basic categories: screen filters, centrifugal filters, sand filters, and multi-media filters (WPCP 2012).Side stream filtration requires a minimum supply pressure to account for the inher- ent differential pressure drop across the filter.
Film fill Film fill is made using thin sheets of PVC which are placed very close together. This creates a very large surface area which allows hot air to circulate and come into contact with the film of material. This cools the water by increasing the rate of heat transfer. A film fill is designed to cool water, which needs to be fit for human consumption. Any debris within the water will collect on the film. Splash fill A splash fill is made using many layers of slats or bars. When hot water comes into contact with the slats or bars, it breaks down into smaller particles. As these particles form, they allow for an increased contact between the water and air which is contained within the atmosphere. This leads to an acceleration in the rate of evaporation and cooling. Splash media used to be made using wood, but more modern designs are manufactured using PVC. PVC allows for a greater rate of heat transfer. Splash fill is normally used in industries which produce a lot of excess water which is of poor quality. Because the water is converted into smaller droplets any debris or dirt is separated out. Film fill vs Splash Fill While both film fill and splash fill can facilitate the cooling and evaporation of water within a cooling tower, they have different advantages and disadvantages. Film fill produces a more efficient heat transfer as it generates a bigger surface area. However, it generally has a shorter lifespan due to increased wear and tear as it is constantly exposed to high-temperature water. A Splash fill is ideal if you operate a cooling tower which requires the recirculating of low- quality water which has a high level of solid material in it. The metal grills and bars used in splash fill make it much more resilient and effective when exposed to high temperatures. A cooling tower forms a vital part of manufacturing processes. If you require any further information, you should contact a professional cooling tower company. Cycle of Concentration The cycle of concentration is a dimensionless number. It is a ratio between parameter in Cooling Water to the parameter in Makeup water. It can be calculated from any the following formulae.
COC= Silica in Cooling Water / Silica in Makeup Water
COC = Ca Hardness in Cooling Water/ Ca Hardness in Makeup water
COC = Conductivity of Cooling Water / Conductivity of Makeup water
The cycle of concentration normally varies from 3.0 to 7.0 depending on the Process Design
There are three types of losses in cooling tower.
1. Blow down loss
2. Evaporation loss 3. Drift loss 0.1 and 0.2 % of Circulation flow. It can be as low as 0.01 % o 0.2 Drift is entrained water in the tower discharge vapors. Drift loss varies between 0.1 and 0.2 % of Circulation flow. It can be as low as 0.01 % of circulation flow, if the cooling towerhas windage drift eliminators. 1 Side stream filtration systems are generally sized to filter from 3 to 10% (up to 20%) of the overall system flow. Filters are selected based on the percent of flowthat the side stream filtration system is designed to handle.
Chemical addition At this point in the process, there is typically the use of chemicals, such as:
corrosion inhibitors (e.g., bicarbonates) to neutralize acidity and protect metal
components algaecides and biocide (e.g., bromine) to reduce the growth of microbes and biofilms scale inhibitors (e.g., phosphoric acid) to prevent contaminants from forming scale deposits
Thorough treatment prior to this stage can help reduce the amount of chemicals needed to treat water at this point in the process, which is ideal considering many chemical treatments can be expensive.
2 e vapor-compression uses a circulating liquid refrigerant as the medium which absorbs and removes heat from the space to be cooled and subsequently rejects that heat elsewhere. Figure 1 depicts a typical, single-stage vapor-compression system. All such systems have four components: a compressor, a condenser, a thermal expansion valve (also called a throttle valve or metering device), and an evaporator. Circulating refrigerant enters the compressor in the thermodynamic state known as a saturated vapor[2] and is compressed to a higher pressure, resulting in a higher temperature as well. The hot, compressed vapor is then in the thermodynamic state known as a superheated vapor and it is at a temperature and pressure at which it can be condensed with either cooling water or cooling air flowing across the coil or tubes. This is where the circulating refrigerant rejects heat from the system and the rejected heat is carried away by either the water or the air (whichever may be the case).
