Foundations & Steelr0

Substation Design
Course
April 2005
Civil and Structural Design

D Padayachee
Objectives
• Basic principles of Civil and structural

Engineering
• Awareness of the relevant aspects of civil

engineering substation devlopment
• Practical aspects of civil design

Objectives
• Not intended for the course attendees to

become civil/structural designers
Course Overview
• Structural Steel Design
• Geotechnical Engineering
• Foundation Design
Course Structure
• Course Notes
• Class Sketches/Diagrams
• Examples
• Photo’s & Discussion

Fields of Civil Engineering
• Structural Engineering (concrete and steel)
• Geotechnical Engineering
• Roads and transportation
• Bridge Engineering
• Water Engineering
• Environmental
• Community and regional Planning
• Harbour
• Airports
Typical Substation structures
Outline of Steel Structures
Section
• Define a structure
• Structural Steel, the material
• Process in structural steel design
• Connections
• Corrosion Protection
Steel Structures
• The purpose of any structure or part of a structure is to

adequately support the loads, which act on a structure
and transfer these loads to the ground or to adjacent
supports.
• This may be applied to any structure whether it is a

bridge, building, road or dam.
Steel Structures
• In the case of high voltage substations, the steel

structures are determined by electrical considerations i.e.
these structures provide support for electrical conductors,
electrical equipment, telecommunications etc.
• The electrical designers draw up a user requirement

specification , which is used by the structural designers
for the design of the steel structures.
Steel Structures
• What is Structural Steel?

Steel Structures
• Structural steel is generally the various products such as

sections, plates and bars that make up the structural
members of beams, girders, columns, ties, struts etc.
• These structural members in turn are used to assemble

frames, trusses and buildings.
Steel Structures
Structural steel: the material
Consists of :
Iron (Fe): 95 %
Cu, Ni, Cr, Mo, V, Ti Alloying elements

Used to improve the mechanical properties and
corrosion resistance
Steel Structures
• Grade 300 W Steel
• A readily weldable steel with a Yield Strength of 300

MPa.
• It is a readily available steel and has a favourable cost to

strength ratio.
Steel Structures
• Available sections:
Hot rolled
I section
H section
C section or channel
Angles
Plates
Steel Structures
• Available sections:
Cold formed
Structural hollow sections
Z sections
Lipped channels
Angles
Steel Structures
• Analysis and Design of structures – General
• Correct assessment of the loads that will be acting on a

structure or part of a structure.
• Two types of loads: Permanent Load,

Imposed Load
Steel Structures
– Permanent or Dead loads
Also referred to as the nominal self weight which includes

the weight of the structure itself and all finishes and
materials which may be considered permanent
Steel Structures
Imposed load
• Live load – floor loads, roof loads, conductor

tension etc
• Wind load
• Dynamic loads – conductor tensions due to

fault conditions, vibration
• Temperature
• Earthquakes etc
Steel Structures
Steel Structures
• The process of the analysis and design of a

structure is best shown with an example.
• A Small Equipment Support

Steel Structures
• Use of Computers
Garbage In = Garbage Out

Steel Structures
• Steel Connections
– Bolted Connections
– Welded Connections
Steel Structures
– Unpainted
– Painted
– Galvanised
Steel Structures
• Summary
• Define a structure
• Structural Steel, the material
• Process in structural steel design
• Connections
Steel Structures
End
Geotechnical Engineering
Outline of Geotechnical Engineering
Section
• Definition of a soil
• Active Soils
• Compaction
• Process in foundation design
• Site Investigation
• Settlement of soils
• Bearing Pressures of soils
• Testing of Soils
Role of Geotechnical Engineer in
Substation Design
• Siting of Substations
• Site Investigations
• Decisions on Earthworks
Foundation design
• Excavations
• Substation extensions
• In Engineering terms, a soil is
any un-cemented or weakly cemented

accumulation of mineral particles formed by the
weathering of rocks, the void space between
the particles containing water and/or air.
• If the products of weathering remain at the their original

position they constitute a residual soil.
• If they are transported and deposited in a different

location they are termed a transported soil
Soil Description and
classification
Soil Description and
classification
Active Soils
• They have potential for heave or settlement due to
– change in soil moisture
– construction conditions
– changes in surface cover

Active Soils
To prevent structural damage
– mitigation of moisture changes
– removal/modification of expansive material
– deep foundation support

Soil Compaction
Compaction is a process of increasing the density of the

soil by packing the particles closer together with the
reduction in the volume of air.
Foundation Design
The design of foundations for a structure comprises three

stages
– Inspection of the site to determine nature of the
ground and safe bearing pressure of the soil
– Select type of foundation
– Design the selected foundation to transfer and
distribute loads from the structure to the ground.
Bearing Pressures (Allowable)
– Shear strength
– settlement
Bearing values
• Site Inspection
– Why?
• Trial Pits
• Trial bores
• Trial Pile
• Laboratory testing
– Shearbox Test
– Triaxial test
– grading analysis
– Plasticity Index test

• Site test
– Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP)
• Settlement
– Settlement is defined as the vertical
displacement/movement of a base of a
structure.
– Two types (as caused by compressive loading)
• Immediate settlement
• consolidation settlement
• Settlement could result in
– architectural,
– functional,
– structural damage to the building
– therefore it is important to be able to predict

the settlement and modify the foundation
accordingly
• Settlement could result in
– architectural,
– functional,
– structural damage to the building
– therefore it is important to be able to predict

the settlement and modify the foundation
accordingly
Foundation Design
– Inspection of the site to determine nature of the

ground and safe bearing pressure of the soil
– Select type of foundation (to be discussed later)
– Design the selected foundation (to be discussed

later)
General
• geotechnical engineering has a number of
unknowns and uncertainties
• experience of the geotech. engineer is
important
• Risk is great especially with active soils such as
expansive clays
• Always consult with the geotech. engineer for
soil investigations and foundation engineering
Summary
• Definition of a soil and general classification
• Active Soils
• Compaction
• Process in foundation design
• Site Investigation
• Settlement of soils
• Bearing Pressures of soils
• Testing of Soils
End
Foundations
• Outline
– definition
– Types of foundations
– conditions affecting choice of foundation
– concrete, the material
– Reinforced concrete
– Design of an isolated base
Foundations
• A foundation is that part of a structure that

transfers the loads from a building/structure to
the ground.
Foundations
• There are six types of foundations
• Spread or isolated footing

• Combined footing
• Strapped or cantilever footing
• Strip or continuous footing
• Piled foundation
• Raft/Mat foundation
Foundations
• Spread or isolated footing
Foundations
• Combined Footing
Foundations
• Strapped or cantilever Footing
Foundations
• Strip or continuous Footing
Foundations
• Piled foundation
Foundations
• Raft/Mat foundation
Foundations
• The choice of the type foundation to use

depends on the following:
• Soil conditions
• Proximity of boundaries
• Allowable differential settlement
• Type of loads
• Site conditions
Foundations
Concrete, the material
 Concrete Constituents
Portland cement
Fine aggregate
Coarse aggregate
Air
Water
Foundations
 cement-water ratio
Foundations
 type of cement
Foundations
 curing
Foundations
Reinforced Concrete Design

Foundations
Design Example
Determine the minimum size of an isolated

base that is subject to axial load only
Foundations
Summary
– definition
– Types of foundations
– conditions affecting choice of foundation
– concrete, the material
– Reinforced concrete
– Design of an isolated base
General
Pictures and Discussion

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Substation Design

Civil and Structural Design

• Basic principles of Civil and structural

• Awareness of the relevant aspects of civil

• Practical aspects of civil design

• Not intended for the course attendees to

• Structural Steel Design

• Photo’s & Discussion

• Structural Steel, the material

• Process in structural steel design

• The purpose of any structure or part of a structure is to

• This may be applied to any structure whether it is a

• In the case of high voltage substations, the steel

• The electrical designers draw up a user requirement

• What is Structural Steel?

• Structural steel is generally the various products such as

• These structural members in turn are used to assemble

Structural steel: the material

Cu, Ni, Cr, Mo, V, Ti Alloying elements

Structural steel: the material

• Grade 300 W Steel

• A readily weldable steel with a Yield Strength of 300

• It is a readily available steel and has a favourable cost to

Structural steel: the material

Structural steel: the material

• Analysis and Design of structures – General

• Correct assessment of the loads that will be acting on a

• Two types of loads: Permanent Load,

– Permanent or Dead loads

Also referred to as the nominal self weight which includes

• Live load – floor loads, roof loads, conductor

• Dynamic loads – conductor tensions due to

• The process of the analysis and design of a

• A Small Equipment Support

Garbage In = Garbage Out

• Structural Steel, the material

• Process in structural steel design

• In Engineering terms, a soil is

any un-cemented or weakly cemented

• If the products of weathering remain at the their original

• If they are transported and deposited in a different

• They have potential for heave or settlement due to

– change in soil moisture

– changes in surface cover

To prevent structural damage

– mitigation of moisture changes

– removal/modification of expansive material

– deep foundation support

Compaction is a process of increasing the density of the

The design of foundations for a structure comprises three

Bearing Pressures (Allowable)

– Plasticity Index test

– Two types (as caused by compressive loading)

• Settlement could result in

– therefore it is important to be able to predict

• Settlement could result in

– therefore it is important to be able to predict

– Inspection of the site to determine nature of the