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    Senses Spe

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    Stef Fie
    This document summarizes several of the special senses including vision, hearing, balance, smell, and taste. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and related structures. For vision, it outlines the layers of the eye, accessory structures, muscles, neurons, pathway and common conditions. For hearing and balance, it discusses the outer, middle and inner ear, auditory pathway and vestibular system. It also provides details on smell, taste receptors and sensations.

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    Senses Spe

    Uploaded by

    Stef Fie
    42 views47 pages
    This document summarizes several of the special senses including vision, hearing, balance, smell, and taste. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and related structures. For vision, it outlines the layers of the eye, accessory structures, muscles, neurons, pathway and common conditions. For hearing and balance, it discusses the outer, middle and inner ear, auditory pathway and vestibular system. It also provides details on smell, taste receptors and sensations.

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    This document summarizes several of the special senses including vision, hearing, balance, smell, and taste. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and related structures. For vision, it outlines the layers of the eye, accessory structures, muscles, neurons, pathway and common conditions. For hearing and balance, it discusses the outer, middle and inner ear, auditory pathway and vestibular system. It also provides details on smell, taste receptors and sensations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    42 views47 pages

    Senses Spe

    Uploaded by

    Stef Fie
    This document summarizes several of the special senses including vision, hearing, balance, smell, and taste. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and related structures. For vision, it outlines the layers of the eye, accessory structures, muscles, neurons, pathway and common conditions. For hearing and balance, it discusses the outer, middle and inner ear, auditory pathway and vestibular system. It also provides details on smell, taste receptors and sensations.

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    SPECIAL SENSES

    THE SENSES
    1. GENERAL SENSES OF TOUCH
    Temperature, Pressure, Pain

    2. SPECIAL SENSES
    Smell
    Taste
    Sight
    Hearing
    VISION
    • 70 % of all sensory receptors are in the eyes
    • Each eye has over a million of nerve fibers
    • Protection for the eye
    • Most of the eye is enclosed in a bony orbit
    • A cushion of fat surrounds most of the eye
    ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF
    THE EYE
    1. Eyelids (palpebrae)
    2. Eyelashes - protective
    3. Meibomian glands- produce oily
    Secretion to lubricate the eye
    4. Ciliary glands- modified sweat
    Glands between the eyelashes
    5. Conjuctiva-
    Lines the eyelids, connects to surface of
    Eye, secretes mucus to lubricate eye.
    ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF
    THE EYE
    6. Lacrimal apparatus
    Lacrimal gland- produces lacrimal fluid
    Lacrimal canals- drains lacrimal fluid from
    eyes
    Lacrimal sac- provides passage of lacrimal fluid
    Toward nasal cavity
    Nasolacrimal duct- empties lacrimal fluid into
    Nasal cavity
    Function of lacrimal apparatus
    1. Properties of lacrimal fluid
    Dilute salt solution (tears)
    Contains antibodies and lysosome

    2. protects, moistens and lubricates

    3. Empties into nasal cavity


    MUSCLES OF THE EYE
    • 4 RECTUS, 2 OBLIQUES
    • EOM- Outside the eyeball
    • 3 nerves cn3 cn4 cn6

    • Intrinsic
    Smooth muscle
    sphincter
    dilator pupillae
    ciliary
    Structure of the eye
    TUNICS (walls)

    1. FIBROUS - Outside
    2. CHOROID- Middle
    3. SENSORY- Inside
    FIBROUS TUNIC
    1. SCLERA- white connective
    tissue layer(white eye)

    2. CORNEA- Transparent, central


    anterior portion, no blood
    supply
    Allows for light to pass, repairs
    itself easily
    The only human tissue that can be
    transplanted w/o fear of rejection
    CHOROID LAYER
    • Blood- rich nutritive tunic
    • Pigment prevents light from scratching
    1. CILIARY BODY- smooth muscle
    Controls the shape of lens (focus image);
    accommodation (ciliaris muscle)
    2. IRIS- pigmented layer gives eye color
    controls size of pupil
    PUPIL- Rounded opening in the iris
    Exchange the amount of light coming in
    IRIS CLOSE- Constrict
    IRIS OPEN- Dilates
    SENSORY TUNIC (RETINA)
    Contains receptor cells
    (photoreceptor)
    1. RODS
    2. CONES
    Signal pass from photoreceptors
    via a two neuron chain;
    Bipolar neurons and ganglion cells
    Signals leave retina toward the
    brain through optic nerve
    Occipital lobe for interpretation
    NEURONS OF RETINA
    NEURONS OF THE RETINA AND
    VISION
    1. RODS
    edges of the retina
    allows Dim light and peripheral vision
    perception is all in gray tones

    2. CONES
    center of retina
    Allow for detailed color vision
    FOVEA CENTRALIS- area of retina with ONLY cones

    No photoreceptor cells are at the optic disk or blind spot.


    LENS
    • Biconvex crystal-like structure
    • Held in place by suspensory ligament attached to the ciliary body
    INTERNAL EYE CHAMBER
    FLUIDS
    1. AQUEOUS HUMOR
    • Watery fluid in chamber between
    the lens and cornea
    • similar with blood plasma
    • helps maintain intraocular
    pressure
    • provides nutrients for lens and
    cornea
    • reabsorbed into venous blood
    through the canal of schemm
    INTERNAL EYE CHAMBER
    FLUIDS
    2. VITREOUS HUMOR
    • Gel-like substance behind the
    lens
    • keeps the eye from collapsing
    • lasts a lifetime and is not
    replaced
    LENS ACCOMMODATION
    • Light must be focused to a point on
    the retina for optimal vision
    • The eye is set for distance vision (20
    ft away)
    • The lens must change shape to focus
    for closer objects
    VISUAL PATHWAY
    • Photoreceptors of the retina
    • Optic nerve
    • Optic nerve crosses the optic chiasm
    • Optic tracts
    • Thalamus (axons form optic
    radiation)
    • Visual cortex of the occipital lobe
    EYE REFLEXES
    1. Internal muscles are controlled by ANS
    • Bright light causes pupils to constrict through radiation of radial and
    ciliary muscles
    • viewing close objects (accommodation)

    2. External muscles control eye movement to follow objects


    • Viewing close objects causes convergence (eyes moving medially)
    EYE CONDITIONS
    • EMMETROPIC- normal
    • MYOPIA- Eyeball too long,
    focal point in fron fo retina
    • HYPEROPIA- Eyeball too
    short, focal point behind
    retina
    • PRESBYOPIA- Lens loses
    elasticity and cannot
    change curvature easily
    old age. (reading glass)
    THE EAR
    Houses two senses
    1. Hearing
    2. Equilibrium (balance)

    Receptors are mechanoreceptors


    Different organs house receptors for each sense
    Anatomy of the EAR
    • Ear is divided into:
    1. Outer (external ear)
    2. Middle ear
    3. Inner ear
    External ear
    • Involved in hearing only
    • Structures of the external ear
    pinna /auricle – elastic cartilage
    external auditory canal- narrow
    Chamber in temporal bone
    Lined with skin
    Isthmus- narrowest part- bone meets
    Cartilage
    Site of impaction foreign bodies
    Ceruminous (wax) glands are present
    Ends at the tympanic membrane
    Middle ear or tympanic cavity
    • Air filled cavity within the temporal bone
    • Only involved in the sense of hearing
    • Eustachian tube –communicates with nasopharynx (equalize pressure)
    • Two tubes are associated with the inner ear
    Opening from the auditory canal (covered by tympanic membrane)
    Auditory tube connecting mid ear with throat
    allows for equalizing pressure during yawning or swallowing
    BONES of TYMPANIC CAVITY
    • Malleus (hammer)- attached to tympanic membrane
    • Incus (Anvil)
    • Stapes (stirrup)- sits to oval window
    Vibration from eardrum move
    The malleus
    Theses bones transfer sound to
    The inner ear
    INNER EAR Or BONY LABYRINTH
    • Includes sense of organs for hearing and balance
    • Filled with perilymph
    • A maze of bony chambers
    Within the temporal bone
    cochlea- hearing
    vestibule equilibrium
    semicircular canals- balance
    ex. Head tilt, liquid inside move
    ORGANS OF HEARING
    1.Organ of Corti
    located within the cochlea
    receptors – hair cells on basilar
    membrane
    gel-like tectorial membrane is
    capable of bending hair cells
    cochlear nerve attached to hair
    cells transmits nerve impulse
    to auditory cortex on temporal
    lobe
    MECHANISM OF HEARING
    Vibrations from sound waves move tectorial membrane
    Hair cells are bent by the membrane
    An action potential starts in the cochlear nerve
    Continued stimulation can lead to adaptation
    ORGANS OF EQUILIBRIUM
    • Receptor cells
    VESTIBULE
    SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
    STATIC EQUILIBRIUM
    Maculae
    • receptors in the vestibule
    • report on the position of head
    • send information via vestibular nerve
    • hair cells are embedded in the otolithic membrane
    • otoliths (tiny stones) float in a gel around the hair cells
    • movements cause otoliths to bend the hair cells
    FUNCTIONS OF MACULAE
    DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
    CRISTA AMPULLARIS
    • Receptors in semicircular canals
    • tuft of hair cells
    • cupula (gelatinous cap) covers the hair cell
    • action of angular head movements
    • cupula stimulates the hair cells
    • impulse sent via vestibular nerve to the
    • cerebellum
    PATHWAY OF SOUND WAVES
    TASTE AND SMELL
    Both senses use chemoreceptors
    Stimulated by chemicals in solution
    taste has 4 types of receptors
    smell can differentiate large range of chemicals

    Both senses complement each other and respond to many of the same
    stimuli
    Taste is 80% smell
    OLFACTION- SENSE OF SMELL
    Olfactory receptors are in the roof of nasal cavity
    neurons with long cilia
    chemicals must be dissolved in mucus for detection

    Impulses are transmitted via olfactory nerve


    Interpretation of smells is made in the cortex
    SENSE OF TASTE
    • Taste buds house receptor organs
    • Location of taste buds
    most are on tongue, soft palate
    cheeks
    Taste carried by CN 7 ant 2/3 ,9 post 1/3 , 10
    Posterior tongue-- to the parietal lobe
    and insula

    Sense of smell (temporal lobe)


    TONGUE AND TASTE
    • Tongue is covered with papillae
    projections
    1. Filiform papilla- sharp with no taste
    buds
    2. Fungiform papilla- rounded with taste
    buds
    3. Circumvallate papilla- largest and fewer
    papilla with taste buds
    Ant 2/3 and post 1/3
    Taste buds – found on the side of papilla
    STRUCTURE OF TASTE BUDS
    • GUSTATORY CELLS ARE THE RECEPTORS
    • Have gustatory hairs (long microvilli)
    • hairs are stimulated by chemicals dissolved in saliva
    • Impulses carried to gustatory complex by several cranial nerves
    because taste buds are found in different areas
    • facial nerve
    • glossopharyngeal nerve
    • vagus nerve
    TASTE SENSATIONS
    • Sweet receptors
    • Sugars
    • Saccharine
    • Some amino acids
    • Sour receptors
    • Acids
    • Bitter receptors
    • Alkaloids
    • Salty receptors
    • Metal ions

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