Mechanics Is The Oldest Physical Science That Deals With

Introduction
Mechanics is the oldest physical science that deals with

both stationary and moving bodies under the influence of
forces.
The branch of mechanics that deals with bodies at rest is
called statics, while the branch that deals with bodies in
motion is called dynamics. The subcategory fluid
mechanics is defined as the science that deals with the
behavior of fluids at rest (fluid statics) or in motion (fluid
dynamics), and the interaction of fluids with solids or other
fluids at the boundaries. Fluid mechanics is also referred to
as fluid dynamics by considering fluids at rest as a special
case of motion with zero velocity
ESOE 505221
EGGC3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics 1 Chapter 1: Basic Concepts
Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics
Lecture 3
Dr Hasan Hamouda
ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 2 Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

Introduction
Fluid mechanics itself is also divided into several categories.
The study of
Hydrodynamics: the motion of fluids that are practically
incompressible (such as liquids, especially water, and
gases at low speeds) is usually referred to as.
A subcategory of hydrodynamics is hydraulics, which
deals with liquid flows in pipes and open channels.
Gas dynamics deals with the flow of fluids that undergo
significant density changes, such as the flow of gases
through nozzles at high speeds.
Aerodynamics deals with the flow of gases (especially air)
over bodies such as aircraft, rockets, and automobiles at
high or low speeds.
Some other specialized categories such as meteorology,
oceanography, and hydrology deal with naturally
occurring flows.
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Fluid Mechanics
What is a fluid?
A substance in the liquid or gas phase is referred to as a
fluid.
Distinction between a solid and a fluid is made on the
basis of the substance’s ability to resist an applied shear
(or tangential) stress that tends to change its shape.
A solid can resist an applied shear stress by deforming,
whereas a fluid deforms continuously under the influence
of shear stress, no matter how small.
In solids stress is proportional to strain, but in fluids
stress is proportional to strain rate. When a constant
shear force is applied, a solid eventually stops deforming,
at some fixed strain angle, whereas a fluid never stops
deforming and approaches a certain rate of strain.
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Fluid Mechanics
What is a fluid?
Distinction between solid and fluid?
Solid: can resist an applied shear by deforming.
Stress is proportional to strain
Fluid: deforms continuously under applied shear.
Stress is proportional to strain rate
Solid Fluid
F 
F

V
   A h
A
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Fluid Mechanics
What is a fluid?
Stress is defined as the

force per unit area.
Normal component:
normal stress
In a fluid at rest, the
normal stress is called
pressure
Tangential component:
shear stress
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What is a fluid?
A liquid takes the shape of

the container it is in and
forms a free surface in the
presence of gravity
A gas expands until it
encounters the walls of the
container and fills the entire
available space. Gases
cannot form a free surface
Gas and vapor are often
used as synonymous
words
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What is a fluid?
On a microscopic
scale, pressure is
determined by the
interaction of
individual gas
molecules.
solid liquid gas
Intermolecular bonds are strongest in solids and

weakest in gases. One reason is that molecules in
solids are closely packed together, whereas in
gases they are separated by relatively large
distances
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Application Areas of Fluid Mechanics
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Fluid Mechanics
Classification of Flows
We classify flows as a tool in making simplifying

assumptions to the governing partial-differential
equations, which are known as the Navier-
Stokes equations
Conservation of Mass
Conservation of Momentum
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Viscous vs. Inviscid Regions of Flow
Regions where frictional
effects are significant are
called viscous regions.
They are usually close to
solid surfaces.
Regions where frictional
forces are small
compared to inertial or
pressure forces are called
inviscid
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Internal vs. External Flow
Internal flow: is the fluid
completely bounded by
solid surface ( flow in
pipes)-Dominated by the
influence of viscosity
through the flow field
For external flow: is the
flow of an unbounded
fluid over a surface such
as plate-viscous effects
are limited to the
boundary layer near solid
surface.
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Compressible vs. Incompressible Flow
A flow is classified as
incompressible if the density
remains nearly constant.
Liquid flows are typically
incompressible.
Gas flows are often
compressible, especially for
high speeds.
Mach number, Ma = V/c is a
good indicator of whether or
not compressibility effects are
important.
Ma < 0.3 : Incompressible
Ma < 1 : Subsonic
Ma = 1 : Sonic
Ma > 1 : Supersonic
Ma >> 1 : Hypersonic
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Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow
Laminar: highly ordered
fluid motion with smooth
streamlines.
Turbulent: highly
disordered fluid motion
characterized by velocity
fluctuations and eddies.
Transitional: a flow that
contains both laminar and
turbulent regions
Reynolds number, Re=
UL/ is the key
parameter in determining
whether or not a flow is
laminar or turbulent.
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Steady vs. Unsteady Flow
Steady implies no change at

a point with time. Transient
terms in N-S equations are
zero
Unsteady is the opposite of
steady.
Transient usually describes a
starting, or developing flow.
Periodic refers to a flow which
oscillates about a mean.
Unsteady flows may appear
steady if “time-averaged”
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System and Control Volume
A system is defined as a
quantity of matter or a region
in space chosen for study.
A closed system (known as a
control mass) consists of a
fixed amount of mass.
An open system, or control
volume, is a properly selected
region in space. It usually
encloses a device that
involves mass flow such
as a compressor, turbine,
or nozzle.
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System and Control Volume
In general, any arbitrary region in space

can be selected as a control volume.
There are no concrete rules for the
selection of control volumes, but the
proper choice certainly makes the analysis
much easier.
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Dimensions and Units
Any physical quantity can
be characterized by
dimensions.
The magnitudes assigned
to dimensions are called
units.
Primary dimensions (or
fundamental dimensions)
include: mass m, length
L, time t, and temperature
T, etc.
By General Conference of Weights and

Measures
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Secondary dimensions (derived dimensions) can be
expressed in terms of primary dimensions and include:
velocity V, energy E, and volume V.
Unit systems include English system and the metric SI
(International System). We'll use both.
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Fluid Mechanics
Based on the notational scheme introduced in 1967,
The degree symbol was officially dropped from the absolute
temperature unit,
All unit names were to be written without capitalization even if they
were derived from proper names (Table 1–1).
However, the abbreviation of a unit was to be capitalized if the unit
was derived from a proper name. For example, the SI unit of force,
which is named after Sir Isaac Newton (1647–1723), is newton (not
Newton), and it is abbreviated as N.
Also, the full name of a unit may be pluralized, but its abbreviation
cannot. For example, the length of an object can be 5 m or 5 meters,
not 5 ms or 5 meter.
Finally, no period is to be used in unit abbreviations unless they
appear at the end of a sentence. For example, the proper abbreviation
of meter is m (not m.).
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Some SI and English Units
In SI, the units of mass, length, and time are the kilogram (kg),
meter (m), and second (s), respectively. The respective units
in the English system are the pound-mass (lbm), foot (ft), and
second (s).
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Force Units
We call a mass of 32.174 lbm 1 slug
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Weight W is a force. It is the gravitational force

applied to a body, and its magnitude is determined
from Newton’s second law,
where m is the mass of the body, and g is the

local gravitational acceleration (g is 9.807 m/s2 or
32.174 ft/s2 at sea level and 45° latitude).
The weight of a unit volume of a substance is called

the specific weight  and is determined from = g,
where  is density.
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Work, which is a form of energy, can simply be defined as

force times distance; therefore, it has the unit “newton-meter
(N . m),” which is called a joule (J). That is,
A more common unit for energy in SI is the kilojoule (1 kJ

= 103 J). In the English system, the energy unit is the Btu
(British thermal unit), which is defined as the energy
required to raise the temperature of 1 lbm of water at 68°F
by 1°F.
In the metric system, the amount of energy needed to

raise the temperature of 1 g of water at 14.5°C by 1°C is
defined as 1 calorie (cal), and 1 cal = 4.1868 J. The
magnitudes of the kilojoule and Btu are almost identical (1
Btu = 1.0551 kJ).
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Fluid Mechanics
Dimensional homogeneity is a valuable tool in checking for errors. Make
sure every term in an equation has the same units.
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Unity conversion ratios are helpful in converting units. Use them.
All non primary units (secondary units) can be formed by
combinations of primary units. Force units, for example, can be
expressed as
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Fluid Mechanics
z.
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EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Summaryccc
In this chapter some basic concepts of fluid mechanics are
introduced and discussed.
A substance in the liquid or gas phase is referred to as a
fluid. Fluid mechanics is the science that deals with the
behavior of fluids at rest or in motion and the interaction of
fluids with solids or other fluids at the boundaries.
The flow of an unbounded fluid over a surface is external
flow, and the flow in a pipe or duct is internal flow if the
fluid is completely bounded by solid surfaces.
A fluid flow is classified as being compressible or
incompressible, depending on the density variation of the
fluid during flow. The densities of liquids are essentially
constant, and thus the flow of liquids is typically
incompressible.
The term steady implies no change with time. The
opposite of steady is unsteady, or transient.
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EGGD3109 Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Summary
The term uniform implies no change with location over a
specified region.
A flow is said to be one-dimensional when the velocity
changes in one dimension only.
A system of fixed mass is called a closed system, and a
system that involves mass transfer across its boundaries
is called an open system or control volume. A large
number of engineering problems involve mass flow in
and out of a system and are therefore modeled as
control volumes.
In engineering calculations, it is important to pay
particular attention to the units of the quantities to avoid
errors caused by inconsistent units, and to follow a
systematic approach.
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Introduction

Mechanics is the oldest physical science that deals with

ESOE 505221 Fluid Mechanics 2 Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

Stress is defined as the

A liquid takes the shape of

solid liquid gas

Intermolecular bonds are strongest in solids and

We classify flows as a tool in making simplifying

Steady implies no change at

In general, any arbitrary region in space

By General Conference of Weights and

We call a mass of 32.174 lbm 1 slug

Weight W is a force. It is the gravitational force

where m is the mass of the body, and g is the

The weight of a unit volume of a substance is called

Work, which is a form of energy, can simply be defined as

A more common unit for energy in SI is the kilojoule (1 kJ

In the metric system, the amount of energy needed to

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