Philosophy of Man With Logic

Philosophy of
Man with Logic

Propositions
• The second act of intellect
• Agreement and disagreement between terms and
ideas.
Judgment
• The mental product of
the act of judgment.
Enunciation (mental
judgment)
• Affirmative
• Negative
2 kinds of judgment
• This is an expression of the agreement of identity
between two ideas or concepts.
Affirmative
• This is an expression of the non-identity or disagreement of
ideas or concepts.
Negative
Proposition
• judgment expressed in sentence.

• sentence pronouncing the agreement or disagreement between
terms.
• always has truth value.
• Truth or False
• no proposition can be both true and false.
• Agreement of the mental judgment.
• Reality
TRUTH
1. Categorical
• direct judgment or a direct assertion of the
agreement or disagreement of two terms in an
absolute manner
• Examples:
The flower is pleasant.
Maria is compassionate.
Types of Proposition
2. Hypothetical
• Does not express direct judgment.
Example:
• If there is typhoon, then the ground is wet.
• Mother is either tired, or depressed.
• Anne cannot study and party at the same time.
a. Conditional – uses “if-then” statement;
b. Disjunctive – uses “either-or”;
c. Conjunctive – uses “and.”
Types of Hypothetical
Proposition.
• The SUBJECT is the term designating the idea (thing) about which
something is affirmed or denied.
• The PREDICATE is the term designating the idea (thing or attribute)

which is affirmed or denied of the subject.
• The COPULA is the term expressing the mental act which

pronounces the agreement or disagreement between the subject and the
predicate.
• The QUANTIFIER expresses the application or extension of the

proposition
Elements of Categorical
Proposition
1. Affirmative proposition - predicate is always affirmed.
Examples:
• All doctors are literate persons.
• Some books are expensive.
2. Negative Proposition - predicate is always denied of
its subject.
Example:
Mothers are not males.
Absolute properties of
categorical proposition
1. Universal – subject is a universal term, a term that is
distributive to each individual in a class or to the class
itself.
Examples:
• All priests are ordained.
• Every Filipino is nationalistic.
Quantity of Proposition
2. Particular - subject is a particular term, a term used
partly and indeterminately.
Examples:
• Most of the students are computer enthusiasts.
• Some members of the congress are corrupt.
3. Singular - subject is a singular term. i.e. it applies to all
individuals.
Examples:
• The dean is the head of the college.
• Jesus Christ is our Savior.
4. Collective - subject is a collective term, a term that applies
to a class or a group.
Example:
• The Abu Sayaff Group is responsible for the terrorist attack.
• The faculty is competent.
A Universal Affirmative All X are Y.
E Universal Negative No X is Y / All X are not Y.
I Particular Affirmative Some X are Y.
O Particular Negative Some X are not Y / Not all X

are Y.
Types of Categorical Proposition

S = subject term
P = predicate
+ = affirmative proposition between S and P
Q = negative proposition between S and P
u = universal proposition
p = particular
Su = subject is universal
Sp = subject is particular
Pp = Predicate is particular term
Pu = predicate is universal term
Schema of Categorical
Proposition
Examples:
• All teachers are literate is Su + Pp
• A dog is a barking animal is Su + Pu
• No teacher is illiterate is Su – Pu.
• Some students are discourteous is Sp + Pp.
• Some girls are not conservative is Sp – Pu.
1. Contradiction
2. Contrariety
3. Sub-contrariety
4. Sub-alternation
Types of Opposition
1. Contradiction is the opposition existing between two
propositions having the same subject, the same predicate, but
different quality and quantity.
EXAMPLE:
A All men are True
mortals.
O Some men are False
not mortals
E All students False
are not
responsible
I Some True
students are
responsible.
2. Contrariety is the opposition existing between two
propositions having the same subject and predicate, the same
universal extension, but different in quality.
EXAMPLE:
A All teachers are True
literate
E All teachers are not False
literate
A All birds are flying False
animals
E All birds are not Doubtful
flying animals
3. Sub-Contrariety is the opposition existing between two
propositions having the same subject and predicate, the same
particular extension, but different quality.
EXAMPLE:
O Some students are False
not enrolled.
I Some students are True
enrolled.
I Some movies are True
educational.
O Some movies are Doubtful
not educational.
4. Sub-Alternation - Sub-alternation is the opposition
existing between proposition having the same subject and
predicate, the same quality, but different extension or
quality. It is the opposition between A and I; E and O.
EXAMPLE:
A All philosophers are
great thinkers True
I Some philosophers
are great thinkers True
I Some students are
diligent True
A All students are
diligent Doubtful
E No criminal is a
good person. False
O Some criminals are
not good persons Doubtful
I Some computers
are user-friendly False
A All computers are
user-friendly False
• The similarity in terms of meaning between propositions
Logical Equivalence
The process of immediate inference in which from a
proposition taken as true, another proposition which is
implied in it is derived.
Eduction
1. Obversion
2. Conversion
Two kinds of Eduction

• The process of eduction in which the derived proposition,
while retaining the subject of the original proposition,
has, for its predicate, the contradictory of the original
predicate.
Examples:
All men are immortal. (Obverted)
All men are mortal.(Obverse)
Obversion
1. Retain the subject
2. Contradict the predicate
3. Negate the copula
4. Retain the quantity.
Process of obversion:
The process of eduction in which the derived proposition
takes for its subject the predicate of the original proposition
and for its predicate the original subject.
Examples:
• All doctors are professionals. (Converted)
• Some professionals are doctor. (Converse)
Conversion
1. Interchange the subject and the predicate
2. Retain the quality.
3. No term may have a greater extension in the converse
proposition than in the converted proposition.
Process of conversion:

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Philosophy of

Man with Logic

• judgment expressed in sentence.

• The PREDICATE is the term designating the idea (thing or attribute)

• The COPULA is the term expressing the mental act which

• The QUANTIFIER expresses the application or extension of the

E Universal Negative No X is Y / All X are not Y.

I Particular Affirmative Some X are Y.

O Particular Negative Some X are not Y / Not all X

Types of Categorical Proposition

Two kinds of Eduction

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