• Metropolitan Area Networks • Wide Area Networks • Wireless Networks • Home Networks • Internetworks
3 Network Hardware
• Types of transmission technology
• Broadcast links • Point-to-point links
4 Network Hardware – Broadcast networks • single communication channel shared by all machines • broadcasting or multicasting (via packets) – broadcasting: a special code in address field – multicasting: reserve one bit to indicate multicasting, the remaining n-1address bits can hold a group number. Each machine can subscribe to any groups • used by localized networks (or satellites) – point-to-point networks • many hops • routing algorithms: multiple routs are possible • used by large networks
5 Classification of interconnected processors by scale
6 Local Area Networks (LANs) · Characterics of LANs: (a) privated-owned, (b) small size, (c) transmission technology, (d) topology · Ethernets are most popular (up to 10 Gb/s)
• Two broadcast networks
• (a) Bus • (b) Ring 7 Local Area Networks Characteristics • small size • transmission technology • single cable • 10Mbps ~ 10Gb/s • 10Gb/s : 10,000,000.000 bps • topology: • bus • Ethernet (IEEE 802.3): 10 or 100 Mbps (10Gb/s) • ring • IBM token ring (IEEE 802.5): 4 or 16 Mbps Channel allocation of broadcast networks • static: each machine has an allocated time slot • dynamic
8 Metropolitan Area Networks • A metropolitan area network based on cable TV.
9 Wide Area Networks (WANs) ·WANs are point-to-point networks ·WANs consist of two distinct components: transmission lines (copper, fiber, microwave) and switches (electronics, optics) Store-and-forward or packet-switched subnet
• Relation between hosts on LANs and the subnet.
10 Network Topology
11 Subnet (WANs) • Subnet (WANs) is consists of two components: • transmission lines (circuits, channels, trunks) • move bits between machines • switching elements • connect transmission lines • Router: also called packet switching nodes, intermediate systems, and data switching exchanges • Operate in store-and-forward, or packet-switched mode.
12 Wide Area Networks (2) • A stream of packets from sender to receiver. (virtual- circuit)
Routing decisions are made locally·
How A makes that decision is called the routing algorithm. Will be studied in detail in Chapter 5.
17 Fundamentally different properties 1. Devices have to be easy to install 2. The network and devices have to be foolproof in operation 3. Low price is essential 4. The network needs sufficient capacity ( for multimedia application) 5. The network interface and wiring have to be stable for many years 6. Security and reliability will be very important (minimize false alarm or misalarm) Home networks may be wired or wireless 18 Internetworks • Internetworks connect networks with different hardware • and software • A collection of interconnected networks is called • an internetwork or internet • Internet is one specific internet • Gateways are used to make the connection and to • provide the necessary translation (protocol convertion)
19 Network Software • Protocol Hierarchies (Layer structure) • Design Issues for the Layers • Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services • Service Primitives • The Relationship of Services to Protocols
20 Network Software • Protocol Hierarchies • a series of layers (levels) • lower layer provides service to higher layers • protocol: • an agreement between the communication parties on how communication is to proceed • Peers: • the corresponding layers on different machines. • Network architecture: a set of layers and protocols • Protocol stack: • a list of protocols used by a certain system, one protocol per layer
21 Network Software Virtual Protocol Hierarchies Communication
Peer
Physical Communication
• Layers, protocols, and interfaces.
Network Architecture: A set of layers and protocols Protocol Stack: A list of protocols used by a certain system, one protocol per layer. 22 Network Software ◆ Layering ➭ To make things simple: modularization ➭ Different layer has different functions ➭ Create layer boundary such that ● description of services can be small ● number of interactions across boundary are minimized ● potential for interface standardized ➭ Different level of abstraction in the handling of data (e.g., syntax, semantics) ➭ Provide appropriate services to upper layer ➭ Use service primitives of lower layer
23 Protocol Hierarchies (2) • The philosopher-translator-secretary architecture.
24 Protocol Hierarchies (3) Message segmentation Encapsulation • Example information flow supporting virtual communication in layer 5.
25 Design Issues for the Layers
• Addressing (telephone number, e-mail address, IP address,…)
• Error Control (error correction codes, ARQ, HARQ,…) • Flow Control (feedback-based, rate-based) • Multiplexing (gathering several small messages with the same destination into a single large message or vice versa Demultiplexing) • Routing (directing traffic to the destination)
26 Design Issues for Layers Identify senders and receivers – multiple computers and processes: addressing Data transfer – simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex communication – # of logical channels per connections, priorities Error control – error detection – error correction Sequencing of pieces
27 Design Issues for Layers Flow control – feedback from the receiver – agreed upon transmission rate Length of messages – long messages: disassemble, transmit, and reassmeble messages – short messages: gather several small messages Multiplexing and Demultiplexing – when expensive to set up a separate connection – needed in physical layer Routing: split over two or more layers – High level: London -> France or Germany -> Rome – Low level: many available circuits 28 Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services • Six different types of service.
29 Service Primitives (Operations) A service is formally defined by a set of primitives (operations) available to a user process to access the services.
• Five service primitives for implementing a simple connection-oriented
service. 30 Service Primitives (2) If the protocol stack is located in the operating system, the primitives are normally system calls.
• Packets sent in a simple client-server interaction on a connection-
oriented network. 31 Services to Protocols Relationship ·The service defines what operations the layer is prepared to perform on behalf of its users
·A service is a set of primitives that a layer provides to the layer above it. ·A protocol is a set of rules governing the format and meaning of the packets which are exchanged by the peer entities in the same layer. Services related to the interfaces between layers; Protocols related to the packets sent between peer entities on different machine. Service Users
Service Providers
• The relationship between a service and a protocol. 32
