Philippine History and

Geography
GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THE PHILIPPINES

1. It is located in Southeast Asia and surrounded by:

Pacific Ocean in the East
South China Sea in the West
Bashi Channel in the North
Sulu Sea and Celebes Sea in the South
2. Consisting of 7,107 islands ( The National Mapping
and Resource Information Authority has discovered
534 new islands making our total slands 7,641)
3. Area : 300,780 sq. Km (0.2% of the world’s land
mass)
4. Coastline : 36,289 kms. (Longer than the US
coastline of 19,924 kms)
5. Y’Ami in Batanes province is the
northernmost island while
Saluag in Tawi-tawi is the country’s
southernmost island.
6. The ten biggest islands are:
1. Luzon 6. Panay
2. Mindanao 7. Mindoro
3. Samar 8. Leyte
4. Negros 9. Cebu
5. Palawan 10. Bohol
The Philippines is divided into:

17 Regions
81 Provinces
122 Cities
1,489 municipalities
42,029 Barangays
 Early Names of the Origin
Early Names
Philippines of the
Philippines
Ma-i or Ma-yi (Mindoro) Given by early Chinese

Maniolas Given Claudius Ptolemy

Las Islas de San Lazaro Given by Ferdinand

(Archipelago of St. Lazarus) Magellan when they
discovered Homonhon on
March 16, 1521
Islas del Poniente (Islands of Given by Ferdinand
the West) Magellan when they
discovered Leyte and Cebu
Las Islas Filipinas Given by Ruy Lopez de
Villalobos in 1543 to Samar
and Leyte
Pearl of the Orient/Pearl of Name popularized by Jose
 Early Ancestors
Robert Fox discovered in 1962 a skull
cap of Tabon Cave Man who lived in
Palawan about 22,000 BC.

Migration Theory by Henry Otley

Bayer
1. Negritos – came from mainland Asia
via land-brides
2. Indonesians - came from mainland
Southeast Asia by boats
3. Malays – came from Sumatra, Borneo
and the Malay Peninsula in sail-boats
 The Kingdom of Tondo

Led by kings under the title "Lakan" and

ruled a large part of what is now known
as Luzon from or possibly before 900
AD to 1571.

It grew to become one of the most

prominent and wealthy kingdom states
in pre-colonial Philippines due to heavy
trade and connections with several
neighboring nations such as China and
Japan.
The Rajahnate of Butuan

Established around 1011AD under Rajah

Sri Bata Shaja, a maritime-state
famous for its goldwork. Evidence of the
existence of this rajahnate is given by the
Butuan Silver Paleograph.
 The Rajahnate of Cebu
The Rajahnate of Cebu was a classical Philippine
state which used to exist on Cebu island prior
to the arrival of the Spaniards.

It was founded by Sri Lumay otherwise

known as Rajamuda Lumaya, a minor
prince of the Chola dynasty which
happened to occupy Sumatra.

This rajahnate had an alliance with the Butuan

Rajahnate before it was weakened by the
insurrection of Datu Lapulapu.
 Introduction of Islam
and The Sultanate of Sulu
Karim ul' Makdum - introduced the Islamic religion
in Sulu in 1380 after having Malacca an Islamic
state. He built the first Mosque atSimunul, Sulu

Raja Baginda – came to Sulu and continued

preaching Islam ten years after the death of
Makdum

Sayid Abu Bakr – He married the daughter of Raja

Baginda and founded the Royal Sultanate of Sulu in
1457. This sultanate eventually gained great
wealth due to its manufacture of fine pearls.
The Sultanate of
Maguindanao

At the end of the 15th

century, Shariff Mohammed
Kabungsuwan established the
Sultanate of Maguindanao and by
the 16th century, Islam had spread
to other parts of the Visayas and
Luzon.
 Sultanate Government

Headed by a Sultan (King)

– Raja (heir)
– Dayang (Princess)
– Kali (Judge)
– Composed of 10-12
barangay/nayon
 5 Pillars of Islam
– Shahada- Allah is the only God and
Mohammad is the Phrophet
– Salat- prayer for 5 times a day
– Zakat- alms giving
– Saum- fasting
– Hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca, once in a life

Mecca- Holy city were Mohammad came

from

Quran – holy book of Islam

 Spanish Exploration
God, Gold, Glory
• Ferdinand Magellan (nationality:
Portuguese, naturalized Citizen of Spain)
• September 20, 1519 left San Lucar de
Barrameda, Spain
with 5 Ships:
– Trinidad – Ferdinand Magellan
– Concepcion – Gaspar de Quesada
– Victoria – Luis Mendoza
– Santiago – Juan Serrano
– San Antonio – Juan de Cartagena
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabel of Spain financed
the voyage of Ferdinand Magellan

• Antonio Pigafietta - the chronicle of Magellan’s

Expedition

• March 16, 1521 – reach Samar and Homonhon Island

then to Limasawa and met Raja Kolambu

• March 29, 1521 - 1st Blood Compact (Magellan-

Kolambu) in Limasawa (some historians claim it’s in
Masao, Butuan).

• March 31, 1521 - 1st Mass with Father Pedro de

Valderrama held in Limasawa o Easter Sunday.
Magellan named Philippines as Archipelago of St.
Lazarus

• They proceed to Cebu and met RajaHumabon (1st

Baptized as Carlos and his wife Juana) and Magellan
gave the beautiful image of Child Jesus

• After Cebu they proceed to Mactan where Magellan

died in the battle with Rajah Lapu-lapu

• Juan Serrano took over the leadership of Ferdinand

Magellan

• Later Sebastian El Cano took the leadership and

bring Victoria back to Spain. It was the first ship that
circumnavigated the globe.
 Results of Magellan’s Voyage
– It was the first voyage around the
world by sea
– It proved that the earth is not flat
– It added to the knowledge about
geography
– It made Spain interesting in colonizing
the Philippines
Next Expeditions after Ferdinand Magellan
1. Juan Garcia Joffre de Loaysa (1525) - reached
Surigao Bay. Its leaders died along way.

2. Sebastian Cabot (1526) – reached only as far as

South America.

3. Alvaro de Saavedra (1542) – reached Mindanao

and attempted to go to Cebu. Failed to find the
survivors of Loaysa Expedition. Leader died on its
way back to Spain

4. Ruy Lopez de Villalobos (1543) - reached

Mindanao and the coast of Tandaya.He named
Philippines as Las Islas Felipinas.
5. Miguel Lopez de Legaspi (1565)

-- Voyaged through Mexico, reached Homonhon Island

and Limasawa and met Datu Banka.

– Blood compact with Datu Sikatuna and Sigala in Bohol

– He proceeded to Cebu with Raja Tupas and named it

the Most Holy Name of Jesus / Villa de San Miguel.

– Due to food shortage he proceeded to Panay Island

and to
Manila
Juan de Salcedo – grandson of Legazpi who
led the expedition to the North (Ilocos)

Marti de Goiti – conquered Manila defended

by Raja Sulayman at the Battle of Bankusay

Manila was declared as the Capital of

Spanish Philippines and was given the title
“The Distinguished and Ever Loyal City”
STRUCTURE OF SPANISH
COLONIAL GOVERNMENT
 Headed by the Governor-General

– is the official representative of King of Spain

to thePhilippines
– He has the power to Execute, Legislate laws
and Judge (Judiciary)
– He execute all laws and royal decrees
issued by King
– Can appoint, remove officials except those
appointed by the King
– He can appoint a friar curate
 Can resolve the issues between the
government authority and religion

- President of Royal Audiencia

(Supreme Court)

 Has the power called Cumplase,

where he can approved or not to
apply a certain decree issued by
the King of Spain
Mexican Viceroy & Council of Indies
Mexican Viceroy
Until 1821, the Philippines was under
the administration of the Spanish
Viceroy in Mexico in the name of the
King.This was because the Philippines
was colonized from Mexico, the
Spanish colony in America
Council of Indies
Was mandated by the king to appoint
the head of colonial government
Residencia and Visitador
Residencia
– was an investigation of an official
conducted at the end of his term.
– Officials found guilty of public
misconduct were penalized either with
imposition of heavy fines, sequestration
of property, imprisonment or dismissal
form office.
Visitador/ Visita
– conducted investigations without any
previous notice
 Local Government
Provincial Level
Alcaldia (peaceful provinces) headed by Alcalde Mayor

Corregimiento (Unpacified Provinces) headed by

Corregidor (Mariveles, Mindoro and Panay)

Duties:
– They represented the Spanish king and the Governor-
General
 Implemented laws and supervised the collection of taxes

- Given the right to participate in the galleon trade which

was called Indulto de Comercio
 Reduccion
One of the major processes of
pacification through conversion. It
was the system of gathering the
converts into a cabecera.
 City Level
Ayuntamiento (City) headed by the
Alcalde
– The well-known Ayuntamientos were
Cebu, Manila, Nueva Segovia (Cagayan),
Villa Fernandina (Vigan), Nueva Caceres
(Camarines Sur), and Jaro(Ilo-ilo)
– It became the center of trade and
industry
 Towns / Municipalities
Pueblo (Municipalities) headed by Gobernadorcillo
or Little Governor

MAIN DUTIES:
Efficient governance and tax collection.

Barrio/ Barangay
Barangay headed by Cabeza de Barangay

MAIN DUTIES:
- Tax Collector for Gobernadorcillos
- Responsible for the peace and order of the barrio
- Recruited men for public works
 Powers of the Parish Priest
– Tax Collector
– Preacher
– Confessor
– Registrar of deeds, births, marriages and
deaths
– Election Inspector
– Law Enforcer
• Union of Church and State
• Archbishops became a acting Governor-
General in
times of vacancy
Propagation of Catholic
Faith:

1. Augustinians
2. Franciscans
3. Jesuits
4. Dominicans
5. Recollects
 Philippine Territory during the
333 years under Spain

The island archipelagoes of Guam,

Marianas, the Carolines and the Palaus
in the South Pacific were included in
Philippine territory

* Most of Mindanao and Sulu were

excluded
* Interior mountain regions of Luzon and
Visayas were also excluded
 Spanish Heritage
Catholicism – Spain’s Greatest Legacy
San Juan de Dios and the San Lazaro Hospital -
First Hospital that were founded in Manila in
1578
Gov. General Claveria - corrected the Philippine
Calendar in 1844 by ordering that Tuesday,
December 31, 1844 would be Wednesday,
January 1, 1845
Gov. General Claveria - ordered all Filipino
families to use Spanish surnames.
Spanish Language:
– Mesa, Silla, Oras, Campana, etc
Doctrina Cristiana – first published Book in the
Philippines
Del Superior Govierno – first newspaper
(Published by Gov. Gen. Manuel Gonzales de
Aguilar
Science:
Manila Observatory- Federico Faura
Anacleto V. del Rosario became the first Filipino
director of Manila Laboratory in 1888 – Prince of
Filipino Chemists
• Fiestas and Amusements:
– Cockfighting
– Manila Lottery
Character Traits Influenced by
Spaniards

– Christian Devotion
– Delicadeza (Honor)
– Palabra de Honor (good manners)
– Romanticism
– Mañana Habit
– Sentimentalism
– Siesta
– Señorito Habit
– Aristocracy
 Social Classes
Principalia – made up of the kinship of the
ancient datus, nobility, encomenderos,
teachers and other professionals and local
officials
Peninsulares – Pure Spnaish blood born in
Spain
Insulares – Pure Spanish Blood born in the
Philippines
Illustrados – Filipinos who studied abroad
Mestizos – mixed races of Chinese, Filipino
and Spanish
Indios – the native Filipinos
 Economic Life Under Spain
Encomienda:
– was the money from the tribute upon certainc
onquered territory
– It was given by the King to a Spanish conquistador
as reward for his services
– 1591 there were 267 encomiendas in the Philippines
– Due to abuses, it was abolished in 16th Century
Tribute:
– Was the residence tax
– Each family paid one peso per year
– A single person paid one-half peso
– Can be paid in Cash or in good
– It was replaced in 1884 by Cedula Tax
Polo or Force Labor:
– All male Filipinos from 16 to 60 years old were
forced to work for the government. At first, it
lasted for 40 days and reduced to 15 days in
1884
– Polistas of (force laborers)
– Build schools, roads and bridges
– Filipino Men can buy their Force Labor paying
called Falla

Bandala:
– An indirect tax imposed on the Filipino farmers
who were required to sell their products to the
government.
Sanctorium A tax of three reales was collected
by the government but turned over to the
Church

Abolition of Slavery

Galleon Trade (Manila-Acapulco Trade)

Obras Pias (Good Works System)

Bank of the Philippine Islands - oldest

existing bank in the Philippines is
Tobacco Monopoly – Founded by
Governor General Jose Basco y Vargas in
1782.

– Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Abra,

Nueva Ecija, and Marinduque

– It was abolished by Governor General

Primo de Rivera
 British Occupation of Manila (1762-1764)

 Britain Invaded Manila as part of the Seven

Years War (Britain vs. France)

Spanish Governor General also exists during the

British Colonization the acting Governor
General Antonio Manuel Rojo and Rebel
Governor General Simon de Anda

• Filipinos remained loyal to Spain until the end

of Seven Years War in 1764
 Filipino Revolts
Causes: Heavy Taxes imposed, force labor, illegal land
possession, monopoly, religious freedom, oppression and
exploitation of the foreigners
1. Tondo Conspiracy (1687-1588) – Objective: To regain freedom
from
Spain lead by Magat Salamat, Agustin de Legaspi, Juan Banal,
Pedro Balingit
2. Revolt of Magalat (1595)– Objective: Disillusionment with
Spanish
rule and Opposition of Tribute (Tuguegarao, Cagayan)
3. Ladia Conspiracy (1543) – Objective: Restoration of Barangaic
Political Set-up lead by Pedro Ladia
4. Revolt of Maniago (1660-1661) – Objective: To free and
Independent
from Spain and Force Labor (Pampanga) – Francisco Maniago/
Cavite
5. Revolt of Malong (1660-1661) – Causes: Spanish
Oppressive impositions, Force Labor (Andres Malong) -
Pangasinan
6. Revolt of Bancao (1622) - Disillusionment with Spanish
rule /Religious (Leyte)
7. Revolt of Sumuroy (1649-1650) –Defiance of the order
given by Gov.General Fajardo (Agustin Sumuroy) - Cavite
8. Silang Revolt – (Ilocos) Force Labor, Expulsion of Spaniards
and Spanish Mestizos – lead by Diego and Gabriela Silang
9. Palaris Revolt (1762-1764) – lead by Juan Dela Cruz
Palaris, end the payment of tributes (Pangasinan)
10. Igorot Revolt (1601) – Opposition to the attempts of the
Spaniards to convert them to Christianity
11. Gaddang Revolt (1621) – Revolted against Encomenderos
and
government officials
12. Tamblot Revolt (1621-1622) – Religious motive (Bohol)
13. Dagohoy Revolt (1744-1829) – Francisco Dagohoy – refusal of
Father Gaspar Morales friar curate of the town of Bohol to
give Christian burial to the brother of Francisco Dagohoy
14. Tapar Revolt (1663) – Modification of Christianity
15. Basi Revolt (1807) – government imposition of the monopoly
on
wine (basi)
16. Cavite Revolt (1822) – Injustices committed by the rich
landowners
against the helpless farmers – Luis de los Santos and Juan
Silvestre
17. Hermano Pule Revolt (1832-1841) – Religious causes
“Confradia de
San Jose (Tayabas, Quezon
 Propaganda Movement
and Katipunan
Causes of Nationalism

– New idea from abroad about the

freedom and the rights of men
– Opening of Suez Canal
– Race prejudice against Filipino
priests
– Cavite Mutiny
– Martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za
 Propaganda Movement
Objectives:
1. Reform in the Spanish administration in the
Philippines
2. Assimilation of the Philippines by Spain
3. Representation to Spanish Cortes
La Solidaridad – Periodical of Propaganda
Movement. Founded by its first editor Graciano
Lopez Jaena (1889) and purchased by Marcel H.
Del Pilar who became its longest and greatest
editor.

Noli Me Tangere ( Touch Me Not)

El Filibusterismo (The Reign of Greed/The
Subversive)
Jose Rizal
La Liga Filipina – founded by Jose
Rizal on July 3, 1892 in Tondo,
Manila

July 6, 1892 – Rizal was arrested

and exiled to Dapitan

July 7, 1892 – KKK was founded by

Andres Bonifacio in Tondo, Manila
 Kataastaasan Kagalang-galangang
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan
(KKK)

Objectives:
1. Unite the Filipinos into one solid nation
2. To fight for Philippine Independence through
armed revolution
3. Civic, Moral and Political
Members:
– 1st Grade (Katipon) – Anak ng Bayan
– 2nd Grade (Kawal) - Gom-Bur-Za
– 3rd Grade (Bayani) – Rizal
Pen names of Propaganda Movement
and KKK Leaders
Dr. Jose Rizal : Dimasalang at Laong Laan 
Marcelo del Pilar : Plaridel at Dolares Manapat
Graciano Lopez-Jeana : Diego Laura
Mariano Ponce : Tikbalang, Naning at Kalipulako
Antonio Luna : Taga-ilog
Jose Maria Panganiban : Jomapa
Emilio Jacinto : Dimasilaw, pingkian
Andres Bonfacio : Agapito Bagumbayan,
Maypagasa
Pio valenzuela : Madlang-away
Apolinario mabini : Bini, Paralitico
Juan luna : Buan
Emilio Aguinaldo : Magdalo
 Literature of Katipunan:
Kalayaan - Official Newspaper of KKK
Decalogue of KKK (A. Bonifacio)
Pag-ibig sa Tinubuan Lupa (A. Bonifacio)
Kartilla (E. Jacinto)
A la Patria (E. Jacinto)

Discovery of Katipunan
August 19, 1896 - Teodoro Patiño confessed
to Father Mariano Gil the exixtence of KKK
after his quarrel with another member
Apolonio Dela Cruz.
 Philippine Revolution
Cry of Pugadlawin- August 23, 1896

First Battle took place at San Juan del Monte

on Sunday August 30,1896

Governor General Ramon Blanco declared a

state of war in 8
provinces:
Pampanga, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan,
Cavite, Tarlac, Manila and Nueva Ecija
 The Trial and Execution of Jose Rizal

November 3, 1896 – Rizal arrived in Manila with the steamer Colon

and brought to Fort Santiago pending his persecution.
Rebellion and Formation of Illegal Organization - These were the
cases filed against Rizal after 5 days of investigation
and
presenting “documentary and testimonial” evidences.
He pleaded not guilty to the crimes charges against
him.
December 19, 1896 - He was found guilty and to be condemned to
death by firing squad
Rizal’s Last Day – He spent his last 24 hours in
his cell where he received members of his
family and write his letter of farewell, the first
one to his “second brother” Ferdinand
Blumentritt. He gave his sister, Trinidad, an
old petroleum lamp and whispered to her in
English that there is something inside the
lamp. Thus is Rizal’s famous farewell poem
“Mi Ultimo Adios” was found.

-- Rizal said to have married his Irish girlfriend

Josephine Bracken according to Catholic rites
in the very last hours of his life.
December 30, 1896 – His arms tied
behind his back, ready and calm, Rizal
uttered “consummatum est” (it is
finished). Then roll of drums accompany
the firing of the soldiers. And even at
the moment of his fall, Rizal turns his
body so that he ends up lying on his
back, with his face to the sun. And while
the Filipinos see the execution in
enraged silence, calls of “viva Espaňa!)
resound thunderously.
 Rivalry between Aguinaldo and
Bonifacio
Magdiwang (Bonifacio) and Magdalo (Aguinaldo)
Factions in Cavite
Tejeros Convention : March 22, 1897 – wanted to settle
controversy between two factions by electing officials
representing the new Revolutionary Government of
the Philippines

– Emilio Aguinaldo was elected as President

– Andres Bonifacio was elected as Interior Secretary
– But Daniel Tirona protested on Bonifacio’s elections
– Bonifacio declared the election as null and void
 Death of Bonifacio

Gen. Aguinaldo ordered to imprison Andres

Bonifacio and his
brothers. The military tribunal tried Bonifacio and
his brother Procopio and sentenced them to die.
But President Aguinaldo reduced it to life
imprisonment. But he was pressured to cancel
that order and to execute Bonifacio

May 10, 1897 - Andres and Procopio were shot by

Aguinaldo’s soldiers under the command of Major
Lazaro Makapagal at Mt. Buntis, Maragondon
Biak-na-Bato Republic - Established in San Miguel,
Bulacan by Emilio Aguinaldo on November 1, 1897.
It’s Constitution was copied from the Cuban
Constitution by Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer.
Pact of Biak-na-Bato - signed on December 15, 1897
by Gov.Gen. Primo de Rivera and Aguinaldo with
the following agreements:
1. Exile of Aguinaldo and his officials to Hongkong
2. Spain pay an amount of Php 800,000 to be given in
three installments- Php 400,000- upon the
departure of Aguinaldo, Php 200,000 – the
surrender of arms and Php200,000 amnesty to the
rebels
3. Additional Php 900,000 would be given to Civilian
Filipinos affected by the revolution
 The Coming of America
Reasons why America came to the Philippines
1. Originated from American support of Cuba’s struggle
for independence from Spain
2. The explosion and sinking of US warship USS Maine
in Cuba that led to the Spanish-American War on April
21, 1898
3. The coming of American forces to the Philippines to
fight the Spanish Navy in Manila Bay.
The Battle of Manila Bay (May 1, 1898) – In less than
a day, Americans won over Spanish Navy lead by
Admiral Patricio Montojo of Spain and Commodore
George Dewey of USA
The Return of Aguinaldo – He arrived in Cavite on
May 19, 1898. Aguinaldo and Dewey agreed to fight
together the Spaniards.
Dictatorial Government - Declared by Emilio Aguinaldo
when he returned from Hongkong

Declaration of Philippine Independence (June 12,

1898) - Rianzares Bautista read the Declaration of the
Philippine Independence at Kawit, Cavite.
The new Philippine Flag was displayed while Marcha
National Filipina composed by Julian Felipe was being
played by San Francisco de Malabon Band.

Second Revolutionary Government - declared by

Aguinaldo on June 23, 1898 as advised by his adviser
Apolinario Mabini. On the same day, Aguinaldo issued a
decree for the creation of Congress to draft the Philippine
Constitution that will eventually establish a Philippine
Republic.
Women of the Revolution
1. Melchora Aquino/ Tandang Sora – Grand old
Woman of Balintawak, Mother of Katipunan
2. Gregoria Montoya – Joan of Arc of Cavite
3. Agueda Kahabagan – Joan of Arc of Santa
Cruz, Laguna
4. Teresa Magbanua – Joan of Arc of Visayas
5. Trinidad Tecson – Mother of the Biak-na-Bato
6. Nazaria Lagos – Florence Nightingale of Panay
7. Patronicia Gamboa – Heroine of Jaro, Ilo-ilo
8. Marcella Agoncillo – sewed the Philippine
National Flag
 Periodicals of Revolution
1. La Libertad – Edited by Clemente Zulueta and Considered to be the
first newspaper to have exercised its freedom. Established in June 20
1898 shortly afeter the Philippine independence was declared.

2. El Heraldo Filipino / Indice Oficial / Gaceta de Filipinas - Official

bilingual newspaper of the Malolos Republic

3. La Independencia – the most famous newspaper of the Philippine

revolution founded and edited by Antonio Luna

4. La Republica Filipina – Nationalist newspaper founded by Pedro

Paterno

5. Ang Kaibigan nang Bayan – Nationalist newspaper in Malolos,

Bulacan

6. El Nuevo Dia – newspaper in Cebu founded by Sergio Osmena

 Surrender of Spain and the Start of
American Occupation
Treaty of Paris (December 10, 1898) - Spain surrendered to the
US by signing this treaty and agreeing to the following terms:

 Cuba was granted independence.

 Puerto Rico and Guam were ceded to USA.
 With the US paying $20 million for public buildings and public
works, the Philippines was ceded to the US.

December 21, 1898 – U.S. President William Mckinley issued the

BENEVOLENT ASSIMILATION PROCLAMATION which stated that
the U.S. have “come, not as invaders, but as friends”.
 Legacy of some Spanish Governor
Generals
of the Philippines

1. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi – First Governor General

of the Philippines
2. Guido de Lavesares – Second Governor General of
the Philippines
3. Archbishop Francisco dela Cuesta – First
Archbishop- Gov. General
4. Archbishop Manuel Rojo – Gov. General during the
British Colonization
5. Narciso Claveria – Surnames of the Filipinos
6. Jose Basco Vargas – Tobacco Monopoly
7. Jose Lemery – birth of Jose P. Rizal
 8. Carlos Maria Dela Torre – The Liberal Governor-
General
9. Fernando Primo de Rivera – signed the Biakna-Bato
Pact
10. Emilio Terrero – read the Noli Me Tangere and talked
to Rizal
11. Eulogio Despujol – He ordered the exile of Jose P.
Rizal
12. Ramon Blanco – declared the Matial Law in 8
Provinces
13. Camilo de Polavieja – ordered the death sentence of
Rizal
14. Diego delos Rios - Last Governor General
 The First Philippine Republic
(Malolos Republic)
Malolos Congress – Established by Aguinaldo on
September 15, 1898 at Barasoain Church in Malolos,
Bulacan

Pedro Paterno– elected president of Malolos Congress

Felipe G. Calderon– drafted the Malolos Constitution

Malolos Constitution - Promulgated by Aguinaldo on

January 21, 1899

First Philippine Republic – Inaugurated on January 23,

1899 where Emilio Aguinaldo was elected President.
 Filipino-American War
San Juan Bridge Incident (February 4, 1899)-
American soldier Robert W. Grayson shot and killed a
Filipino Soldier crossing at San Juan Bridge signalling
the start of Filipino-American War.
February 05, 1899- American navy bombarded the
Filipino positions in Manila. Filipinos lost ground to the
superior forces of US- retreated to provinces
March 31, 1899 – Malolos captured by Americans,
Aguinaldo fled to Pampanga, Nueva Ecija and to
Northern Luzon.

Aguinaldo ordered the Filipinos to fight a guerilla

warfare and Filipino forces were divided into small
groups.
In Negros: Generals Aniceto Lacson and Juan Araneta
organized the Republic of Negros but American forces
toppled it

June 5, 1899 – Assassination of Antonio Luna in

Cabanatuan.

Battle of Tirad Pass (December 2, 1899) – Gen.

Gregorio Del Pilar and his 60 men were killed by more
than 500 advancing American soldiers

Battle of San Mateo Rizal (December 19, 1899) –

General Henry C. Lawton was killed by Filipino troops
under General Licerio Geronimo.
 The Philippine Commissions
Schurman Commission (January 20,1899) – First
Philippine Commission created by U.S. President William
McKinley headed by Dr. Jacob Schurman. Its task was to
investigate conditions in the Philippines and make
recommendations.

The following are its recommendations to the President the

following year:
1. They acknowledged Filipino aspirations for
independence. They declared, however, that the
Philippines was not ready for it.
2. to establish a civilian goverment as rapidly as possile
3. To establish a bicameral legislature and autonomous
municipal and provincial governments
4. To establish free public elementary schools
Taft Commission (1900-1916) – Second
Philippine Commission headed by William
Howard Taft. It was created by Pres. McKinley
to hasten the transition of the Philippine
military government into a civil one.
The Taft Commission was given Executive and
Legislative powers it could use to achieve
McKinley’s objectives.

The Commission was able to enact 440 laws for

the Philippines including the folowing:
1. Municipal and Provincial Codes which
established municipal and
Provincial governments all over the country.
2. Organizing the Philippine Constabulary
 Capture of Aguinaldo and the
Continuation of War
Capture of Aguinaldo (March 23, 1901) – took place in Palanan,
Isabela under the command of General Frederick Funston. Aguinaldo
was taken to Manila, took his oath of allegiance to the Americans, and
urged other Filipino revolutionaries to surrender.

July 4, 1901 – The American Civil Government was eatablished in the

Philippines but other Filipino soldiers continued the war against the
U.S.

Balanggiga Massacre (September 28, 1901) – Forty eight (48)

American soldiers were killed by disguising Filipino soldiers. The
following day, General Jacob Smith vowed that he would turn the town
into a “howling wilderness” and killed about 10,000 people.They
brought the bells of Balangiga as “trophies of war”

Miguel Malvar fought in Batangas until April 16, 1902

Macario Sakay – established “Republika ng Katagalugan” in 1902
Simeon Ola of Albay Province only gave up on September 25, 1903
 Philippines as an American Colony
Philippine Territory in American Times:
 Mindanao and Sulu became part of the Philippines
(through the Bates Treaty)
- Interior Mountain region of Luzon were also included

American Policies:
– The Americans promised they would grant Philippine
independence as soon as the Filipinos could stand on
their own as a free nation
– Americans were kinder and more generous than other
colonial powers
– Filipinos adopted American ways very well (Brown
Americans)
 American Colonial Government:

1. Military Government (August 14, 1898 – July 04, 1901) –

Headed by American Military Governors (Gen. Wesley
Merrit, Gen. Elwell Otis and Gen. Arthur MacArthur)

2. Civil Government (1901 – 1935) – Inaugurated on July

04, 1901 and William Howard Taft became the first
American Governor-General and Frank Murphy was the last.

3. Commonwealth Government (November 15, 1935-July

4, 1946) – Partially independent government that served as
transition period before the Americans granted the full
Philippine Independence on
July 4, 1946.
 Highlights During the American
Period

The Americans train our people in democracy

and self-rule
At first, Filipinos are only appointed to local
government but as the war ended, Filipinos can
participate and were elected in free elections.
Cayetano Arellano was appointed Chief Justice
of the Supreme Court in 1901
Gregorio Araneta became the first Cabinet
Secretary in 1903.
Philippine Bill of 1902 (Cooper Law) was
passed on July 01, 1902 to create the Philippine
Assembly

Philippine Assembly (1907):

– First all-Filipino lawmaking body during the
American era
– Helped the Philippine Commission in making
laws for the colony
– Philippine Commission acted like the Upper
House and Philippine Assembly acted as Lower
House
-- Sergio Osmeña Sr. was elected as Speaker
Philippine Autonomy Act of 2016 (Jones Law) –
Announced the intention of the U.S. Government to
“withdraw their control over the Philippine Islands as
soon as a stable government can be established
therein”. It also established the Philippine Legislaure
composed of the Senate as the new Upper House
replacing the Philippine Commission.

Philippine Legislature:
– Inaugurated at Manila on October 16, 1916
– 2 Houses (Bicameral); the House of Representative
and Senate
– Manuel L. Quezon Elected as Senate President
– Sergio Osmeña Sr. elected as House Speaker
 Significant Laws acted under America
Kiram-Bates Treaty – sovereignty of US over the whole archipelago of
Sulu
is acknowledge

 Payne-Aldrich Act (1909) –partial free trade of US and Philippines

Underwood Simons Tariff Law – allowing an open trade between the

Philippines and USA (October 13, 1913)

Reconcentration Act – provided for the zoning of inhabitants of a town

known to have thieves/ outlaws

Sedition Law (1901) – provided that Filipino advocating independence or

separation from US would be punished severely by death or
imprisonment

Brigandage Act – proving for severe penalty those who steal carabao

Gabaldon Act/ Law – Establishment of Barrio schools (Isauro Gabaldon)

Municipal Code Act
Provincial Code Act
Civil Service Act
– To enter in government it must be take
the examinations
- Introduced merit system in the
government
Filipinization of the Philippine
Government by FB Harrison
- replaced American officials and
employees with Filipinos
 Economic Condition under America
Homestead Act in 1924 allowed any Filipino
to own up to 24 hectares of public land
All lands had to be registered and their owners
got Torrens titles.
 The Bureau of Agriculture became the first
government agency in 1902.
Free Trade with America
– Philippine products, copra, sugar, cigars
hemp, etc. were sold to the Americans
– American products, cars, radios, appliances,
cigarrettes, etc were bought by the Filipinos
Mining and fishing became big industries
 Developed the coconut and hemp industries
 Tobacco were also developed
 Automobile, electric street car, airplane,
telephone, wireless telegraph, radio and movie
were introduced
 American developed our railroads in Luzon,
Cebu and Panay
 Pier 7 in Manila became the largest port in Asia
 Manila became the center of air travel in Asia
 The Kennon Road opened Baguio and the
Mountain Province to travel
 Philippine National Bank established in 1906
Economic Problems
We sold our raw materials cheap
and bought expensive
manufactured goods from America
 Colonial Mentality became worse
 Labor and peasant unrest spread
in the 1920’s and 1930’s
 The world depression hit the poor
masses worst of all
 American capitalists and
businessmen controlled the new
 Our American Heritage
Religious Freedom
– Filipinos became free to choose their own religion
– American Influences: Methodists, Baptists,
Episcopalian, Pentecostals, etc.
– Filipinized Catholicism: Isabelo delos Reyes and
Gregorio Aglipay – Philippine Independent Church
(Alipayananism)
– Felix Manalo of Iglesia ni Cristo (1914)
 Public School System / Free Education
– All children could study in schools
– First American Teachers are soldiers
– 1901, the first batch of professional teachers
Thomasites came from the US onboard the US Army
Ship Thomas
English Language
– Filipinos learned the English Language
– English became the official language of the government and
business
– New Filipino writers mastered the English Language: Carlos P.
Romulo – won the Pulitzer Prize for Journalism 1942
Free Press
– Filipino journalists championed independence and reported
freely about the government
– Manuel L. Quezon founded “The Philippine Herald” (1920)
– Ramon Roces founded the “The Graphic”
Diet and Dress
– Cornflakes, oat meal, ham, egg sandwiches, hamburgers, hot
dogs, pan americano, tomato catsup, mayonnaise, beefsteak,
apple pie, ice cream and chewing gum
– Men worn trousers with belt and suspenders, polo shirts and
tennis shoes
– Women dressed in fancy hats, shirt and blouse, high heeled
shoes, silk stockings and make-up
Democratic Family and Social Classes
– Uses “hi” “hello” in greetings
– Filipinos celebrating holidays like 4th of July, Labor Day,
Thanksgiving Day, Halloween, and Valentines Day
Women’s Rights
– Women enjoyed greater rights (September 17, 1937)
– They were free to work in an office, study with men in co-ed
schools and date without chaperones
– First Asian women vote and hold public office were the Filipinas
in 1937
Recreations
– Basketball, baseball, football, volleyball, calisthenics, boxing,
billiards, poker, bowling, tennis and badminton
Movies and Entertainment
– First Movie house Cine Rizal (1903) at Tondo, Manila
– Cine Ideal (Roces brothers) in 1903
– First local film “La Vida de Dr. Rizal” by Edward Meyer Gross
– Zarzuela and Mor-moro replaced by Vodavil/ vaudeville
 The Commonwealth of the
Philippines

Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law (1932 ) - It was the first

Philippine Independence Law passed by the
United States (thru the initiative of Os-Rox
Mission but rejected by Philippine Legislature
on October 17, 1933.

Tydings-McDuffie Law (1934) signed by President

Franklin D. Roosevelt with revision from Hare-
Hawes-Cutting Law. It paved the way for the
drafting of 1935 Constitution and establishment
of the Commonwealth Government
The 1935 Philippine Constitution
– On July 10, 1934, 202 delegates were elected to be
members the constitutional convention.
– Claro M. Recto as the President of the Convention
– March 23, 1935 Pres. FD Roosevelt signed the Philippine
Constitution
– May 4, 1935 Filipino people ratified the constitution
 The Commonwealth of the Philippines
– A semi-independent (autonomous) government of Filipinos
under American Colony
– September 17, 1935 - first national election under
Commonwealth Government
– Manuel L. Quezon, Emilio Aguinaldo and Bishop Gregorio
Aglipay run for the presidency
– Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña elected as President
and Vice-President respectively
 Manuel Luis Molina Quezon
Contributions and Achievements:
first Senate president elected as President of the
Philippines
first president elected through a national election
first president under the Commonwealth
He initiated women’s suffrage in the Philippines
during the Commonwealth.
 He made Tagalog / Filipino as the national
language of the Philippines
A province, a city, a bridge and a university in
Manila were named after him
His body lies within the special monument on
Quezon Memorial Circle
 Sergio Suico Osmeña, Sr.
Contributions and Achievements:
He was 65 when he became president– making him
the 2nd oldest president to hold office
first Visayan to become president
He joined US Gen. Douglas McArthur in Leyte on
October 20, 1944 starting the liberation of the
Philippines from the Japanese during World War II
During his time, the Philippine National Bank has been
rehabilitated and the country joined the International
Monetary Fund
On his time, the Bell Trade Act was approved by the
US Congress
 Second World War and JapaneseOccupation

Second World War was the war between the allied nations (US,
Britain, France and USSR) and the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy,
Japan)
- It started in Europe when Germany under Adolf Hitler attacked and
invaded Poland in1939.
- On December 07, 1941, Japan made a sneak attacks on Pearl Harbor,
Hawaii and killed almost 3,000 American servicemen forcing the US
to declare war against Japan.
- Few hours later, Japanese fighter planes appeared in Philippine skies.
They bombed Davao City, Tuguegarao, Baguio, Iba, Tarlac, Clark Air
Field and Manila.
- Japanese troops landed in Aparri and Vigan in Northern Luzon, at
Legaspi in Bicol,
Davao City in Mindanao and Lingayen in Luzon.
- General Douglas MacArthur, the commander of US Armed Forces in
the Far East
(USAFFE), could not stop the Japanese invasion
- Manila was declared by Gen. Douglas MacArthur as “Open City” on
December 26, 1941 to avoid further destruction.
The Commonwealth in Exile
– President Roosevelt wired Pres. Quezon to escape to the
United States
– President Quezon, his family, and War Cabinet secretly left
Corregidor by submarine on February 20, 1942 and the
Commonwealth Government went in exile at Washington, DC
– President Quezon died of illness on August 1, 1944 and he
was succeeded byVice President Sergio Osmeña Sr.
 I Shall Return
– General Douglas MacArthur was also ordered to leave by
Pres. Roosevelt, but when he landed in Australia on March
17, 1942, MacArthur told to the world “I shall return”.
The Fall of Bataan and Corregidor
– Bataan: April 09, 1942 headed by Gen. Eduard P. King
– Corregidor: May 06, 1942 headed by Gen. Jonathan
Wainwright
– Visayas and Mindanao: May 10, 1942 headed by Gen.
William Sharp
Death March
– Some 62,000 Filipino soldiers and 11,000 American troops
were forced to March from 7 to 11 days without food, water
or medicine.They marched 120 kilometers from Mariveles,
Bataan to Camp O’Donnell in Capas, Tarlac.

Japanese Military Occupation

– Japanese Military Administration was set up in Manila Head
by General Yoshihida Hayashi and General Takazi Wachi
– Japanese declared Martial Law and imposed curfew,
rationing and censorship.
– They punished Filipinos for any hostile acts against
Japanese soldiers. One Japanese is equivalent to 10
Filipinos
– They banned the shortwave radio so we could not hear
news from abroad
– They circulated money with Japanese script. They called
this as “Mickey Mouse Money”
Second Philippine Republic (Japanese
Sponsored Government)

– After the 1943 Constitution was finished, the

Second Philippine Republic was inaugurated on
October 14, 1943 with Jose P. Laurel as the
President and Kalibapi (Kapisanan ng
Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas) as the only
political party allowed during the Japanese
Occupation.
Second Philippine Republic (1943- 1945)
Jose Paciano Laurel, Sr.
Contributions and Achievements
- Associate Justice of the Supreme Court
- Organized KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa
Paglilingkod sa Bagong
Pilipinas), the only political party during
Japanese period
- Declared Martial Law in 1944
- His family developed the establishment
of Lyceum of the Philippines.
The Collaborators
- Makapili – Makabayang Katipunan ng mga Pilipino
– Most Filipinos had to collaborate with the Japanese during
the war
– Japanese controlled food, medicine and other supplies
Guerilla Warfare
– Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon (HukBaLaHap/ Huks)
Headed by Luis Taruc
Japanese Atrocities
– Deaths of Filipino Soldiers and Civilians: 1,111,998
– Damage to property, goods and services:
$6,411,732,000
– Murder, torture and rape of civilians
– Looting, burning and destruction of property
– Rape, sex slaves
– Cruel Kempeitai (Japanese Military Police)
Liberation of the Philippines
– On October 20, 1944, Gen. MacArthur retuned as
he promised when the American liberation forces
landed in Palo, Leyte with 650 ships and four army
divisions. It’s considered as the biggest naval
battle in in the entire World War II.

– The US Navy won the big battle of Leyte Gulf on

October 23-26, 1944

– February 1945 - the Battle in Manila ended and

liberated the City on February 23,1945

– July 05, 1945 - General MacArthur announced

the liberation of the Philippines
 Third Philippine Republic
(1946-1972)

1946- 1948-1953 1954-

1948 1957

1957-1961 1961-1965 1965-1986

 End of the Second World War
August 6, 1945 the first atomic bomb was dropped
at Hiroshima
August 9, 1945 another atomic bomb dropped in
Nagasaki
August 15, 1945– Japanese surrendered

Restoration of the Commonwealth

February 22, 1945 – President Osmeña continued
his presidency as the successor of Manuel Quezon.
May 28, 1946 – July 4, 1946 -- Manuel A. Roxas
served as the third and last president of the
Commonwealth.
 Manuel Acuña Roxas (1946-1948)
Contributions and Achievements
- 1st placer in the 1913 Bar Exam
- Third and last president of the Philippine
Commonwealth
- First president of the Third Republic
- Started reconstruction from war and the Philippines
started breathing without foreign rule
- Established Philippine Rehabilitation Finance
Corporation for building houses after the World War II
- Creation of Central Bank of the Philippines to help the
system of banking in the Philippines and stabilize the
Philippine Peso Dollar reserves
- Republic Act No. 1946 or Tenancy Act – the
70/30 share and regulation of tenancy contracts
- Amnesty Proclamation – for the Japanese
Collaborators
- Treaty of General Relations – to give all
sovereignty power of the Philippines from United
States
- Military Base Agreement – with United
States
- War Surplus Agreement - Military Assistance
Agreement
- Bell Trade Act – Philippine Peso pegged to US
Dollar, system of Tariffs
- Parity Rights – exploitation of Philippine
Natural Resources by the Americans/ led to the
amendment of the 1935 Constitution
 Elpidio Rivera Quirino

Contributions and Achievements

- Barrio teacher who became president

- 2nd Placer in the 1915 Bar Exam
- Created Social Security Commission (SSS
today)
- In 1948, Quezon City was the capital of the
Philippines
- Peso and Dollar exchange rate at his time
was 1 US = P2
- Established Economic Development
Corporation (EDCOR) for the HukBaLaHap
- President’s Action Committee on Social
Amelioration (PACSA) – to mitigate the
sufferings of indigent families
- Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing
Administration (ACCFA) – to help the farmers
market their crops and save them from loan
sharks
- Deployment of Philippine Expeditionary
Forces to Korea or PEFTOK during Korean War
- Minimum Wage Law (RA 602)
- Rural Banks of the Philippines - to facilitate
credit utilities in rural areas
 Ramon Del Fierro Magsaysay, Sr.
Contributions and Achievements
- Worked as a driver and mechanic and earned Commerce
Degree from JRC
- Joined the Philippine Army during WWII
- First president sworn into office wearing Barong Tagalog
in his inauguration
- His presidency was referred as the Philippines’ Golden
Years for it was the
cleanest and zero-corruption
- The Philippines was ranked 2nd in Asia’s clean and well-
governed countries
- Operation Thunder Lightning – Largest military anti-Huk
opeation that led to the surrender of its leader, Luis Taruc.
- Philippine became a member of SouthEast Asian Treaty
Organization (SEATO ) which was formed on September 8-
10, 1954 to fight communism
Laurel – Langley Agreement (1955-1974) – replaced Bell
Trade Act, continuation of US authority to control
exchange rate of peso , sugar quota and tariffs
Presidential Complaints and Action Committee – hear
the grievances of common people and give solution on
it
Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Financing
Administration (ACCFA) to help farmers
 Farmers Cooperative Marketing Association (FaCoMA) -
to buy equipment for farmers
Land Reform Act of 1955 – Created the Land Tenure
Administration (LTA) which was responsible for the
acquisition and distribution of large tenanted rice and
corn lands over 200 hectares for individuals and 600
hectares for corporations. RA 821 – ACCFA
Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954) – governed the
relationship between landowners and tenant farmers by
organizing sharetenancy and leasehold system
 Carlos Polistico Garcia
Contributions and Achievements
- Teacher and Lawyer who was among the the
Bar topnochers in 1923
- he was known for “Filipino First Policy”
- he established the Austerity Program
focusing on Filipino trade and commerce
- was known as the “Prince of Visayan Poets”
- was the first president to have his remains
buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani
- RA 1700 – Outlawing the Communist Party
of the Philippines
 Diosdado Pangan Macapagal, Sr.
Contributions and Achievements
- Topped the Bar Exam in 1936
- He established the first Land Reform Code of
the Philippines.
- he placed the Philippines currency (Peso), on
the currency exchange market
- He made June 12 1898 as the Philippines’
Independence Day
- He signed the creation of the Philippine
Veteran’s Bank.
- An Act Creating A Fisheries Commission
Sabah Claim
- The Philippines broke diplomatic relations with
Malaysia after the federation had included Sabah in
1963.

- It was revoked in 1989 because succeeding

Philippine administrations have placed the claim in
the back burner in the interest of pursuing cordial
economic and security relations with Kuala Lumpur.

- To date, Malaysia continues to consistently reject

Philippine calls to resolve the matter of Sabahs
jurisdiction to the International Court of Justice.
 Fourth Philippine Republic (1972-1986)
Ferdinand Edralin Marcos, Sr.

Contributions and Achievements

- Topped the Bar Exam in 1939 with a rating of
98.8% and holds the record of having the highest
score in the history of Philippine Bar Exam
- The first president to win a second term
- Declared Martial Law on Sept. 21, 1972
- Abolished the 1935 Constitution and approved the
1973 Constitution
- He built more schools, roads, bridges, hospitals
and infrastructures than all former presidents did
combined
Green Revolution
– Production of rice was increased through
promoting the cultivation of IR-8 hybrid rice. In
1968 the Philippines became self-sufficient in
rice, the first time in history since the American
period. It also exported rice worth US$7 million.
Blue Revolution
– Marine species like prawn, milkfish, and golden
tilapia were being produced and distributed to
farmers at a minimum cost.
Gulayan sa Kalusugan and Pagkain ng
Bayan Programs
–Provided grants and loans to encourage backyard
and communal production of vegetables and
improve nutrition of Filipino households
Kilusang Kabuhayan at Kaunlaran (KKK)
 supported 25,000 entrepreneurial projects through P1.8
Billion and helping 500,000 beneficiaries

Education Reform
– Access to free education widened during the Marcos
Administration. The biggest portion of the budget was
allotted for Educational Programs (P58.7 Billion in 20
years). The literacy rate climbed from 72% in 1965 to
93% in 1985 and almost 100% in Metro Manila on the
same year.

Bagong Lipunan Improvement of Sites and

Services (BLISS)
– Housing program for the low-income group.
 Marcos Dictatorship
Martial Law Years
September 21, 1972 – Martial Law was declared
(Proclamation 1081)
September 23, 1972 – Marcos announced the declaration
of Martial Law via nationwide television and radio
broadcast in the evening.
1973 Constitution
- Signed by Marcos on January 17, 1973 but amended 22
times during the Marcos dictatorship
Death of Democracy
– Arrest and detention of Marcos Opponents and protesters
against the government (Sen. Benigno Aquino, Jr., Jose
Diokno and Ramon Mitra)
– Closing down of all newspapers, radio and television stations
and printing presses
– Government control of all public utilities and important
industries
– Travel Ban abroad
– Ban on public meetings, student demonstrations and labor
strikes
– Ban on private weapons
– Torture and murder of political prisoners

Government Reorganization
– Marcos also changed the local government (old barrios now
called barangays)
– Marcos became the President and Prime Minister of the country
– Motto: Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa (One Nation, One Spirit)
– Cesar Virata appointed as Prime Minister
Strong Military Power
– Marcos created special military courts. A military court tried
and sentenced Sen. Ninoy Aquino to death penalty through
firing squad in 1977
– January 17, 1981 – Marcos lifted Martial Law

1981 Presidential Election

– June 16, 1981 – first Presidential election after Martial Law
where Marcos won with 17 million margin against his nearest
opponent Alejo Santos of Nacionalista Party. The election was
boycotted by the opposition.

Aquino Assassination
– August 21, 1983 – a China Airlines jet brought back Sen.
Benigno Aquino to
Manila International Airport where he was shot by a military
assassin as he got down the plane
 1986 People Power Revolution
1986 Snap Elections
February 7, 1986 – Snap Election between Corazon Aquino and Ferdinand
Marcos
where Marcos was declared winner by COMELEC and proclaimed by Congress.
February 25, 1986 - Oath-taking of Marcos in Malacanang Palace.
- Cory Aquino also took her oath as president in San Juan.

People Power Revolution (February 22- 25)

– Started at Camp Aguinaldo, EDSA on Saturday February 22, 1986 with
Defense
Secretary Juan Ponce Enrile and Deputy Chief of Staff Fidel V. Ramos called
press
conference to announce they they no longer support President Marcos.
– Cardinal Jaime Sin, Mrs. Aquino, Agapito “Butz” Aquino and other inspired
volunteers appealed to the Filipino people to protect the rebels in Camp
Auinaldo
– By the morning of Sunday, February 23, tens of thousands of people men,
women, and
children formed human barricades along EDSA and nearby streets

The End of Marcos Rule

–On the night of February 25, after taking his Oath in the afternoon, Marcos, his
 The Aquino Government
February 25, 1986 – Corazon Aquino took her oath of
office as the New President of the republic at Club
Filipino, Greenhills, San Juan.
March 25, 1985 – she proclaimed a temporary
“Freedom Constitution” (1986 Provisioal Constitution)
and appointed delegates to a new Constitutional
Commission to make the new constitution (Cecilia
Muñoz Palma as President)
1987 Constitution - ratified by the people on
February 2, 1987
May 11, 1987 -new senators and congressmen were
elected to the new Congress
January 18, 1988- the people voted for new governors,
mayors and councilors
March 28, 1989 - the new barangay official were also
elected
 Fifth Philippine Republic (1986-present)

1986-1992 1992-1998 1998-2001

2001- 2010- 2016-

2010 2016 2022
 Maria Corazon Cojuangco Aquino
Contributions and Achievements
was named “Woman of the Year” in 1986 by Time
magazine
First woman president of the Philippines and Asia
She abolished the 1973 Constitution and established
the new 1987 Constitution of the Philippines
Dubbed as the Philippine “Icon of Democracy” for
restoring democracy in the country.
she’s been cited as a modern-day Joan of Arc by
many
Passed the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law
Passed the Family Code of 1987 and
1991 Local Government Code authored by Aquilino
Pimentel Jr.
 Fidel Valdez Ramos
Contributions and Achievements
His “Philippines 2000” vision made the Philippine Stock
Exchange one of the best in the world in the mid-90s and
the Philippines was cited as Asia’s Next Economic Tiger
because he brought back economic growth

 He’s the only Filipino who received British Knighthood from

the United Kingdom, bestowed by Queen Elizabeth II (Knight
Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George)

Death Penalty was reinstated at his time

 He signed peace talks and agreement with the MNLF

He implemented Deregulation and Privatization of Major

Industries
 Joseph Marcelo Ejercito Estrada

Contributions and Achievements

During his time, the MILF’s headquarters and camps were captured.
was among the “Magnificent 12” senators who voted for the
termination of the Philippines and US Military Bases Agreement
from Clark Airbase and Subic Naval Base in 1991.
Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act No. 8749)
– Designed to protect and preserve the environment and ensure the
sustainable development of its natural resources.
Retail Trade Liberalization Act (Republic Act No. 8762)
– This law dismantles 40 years of state protectionism over the
country’s retail trade industry and opens the sector to big foreign
players.
New General Banking Act (Republic Act No. 8791)
– The measure opens up the local banking industry to foreign
players after almost 50 years of having it exclusively reserved and
protected for Filipino nationals.
RP-US Visiting Forces Agreement
–ratified in the Senate in 1999
 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
Contributions and Achievements
Second longest serving president of the Philippines (9
years)
Under her program “Strong Repblic”, the country
regained higher economic growth than the past 3
presidents before her.
Peso became the best performing currency of the year
in Asia in 2007
First president to had oath taking outside Luzon (Cebu)
An ex-professor of Economics at the Ateneo de Manila
University where Noynoy Aquino was one of her
students
An ex-classmate of former US president Bill Clinton at
Georgetown
EVAT Law was implemented under her term
 Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III
Contributions and Achievements
 No “wang-wang” policy
 K-12 education in the Philippines
Unprecedented Economic Growth
- The Philippine economy grew at an average annual GDP
growth rate of 6.8% of his entire term besting other Asian
countries.
Republic Act No. 10533 or Enhance Basic Education Act
of 2013
– An Act enhancing the Philippine basic education system by
strengthening its curriculum and increasing the number of
years for basic education.
Republic Act No. 10360
– An Act creating the Province of Davao Occidental
Republic Act No. 10157
– An Act institutionalizing the Kindergarten education into
Basic Education system and appropriating funds thereof
Thank You!