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    ANATOMY: Introduction To Embryology

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    Nur Liyana Mohamad
    This document provides an overview of human embryology and reproductive anatomy. It discusses the stages of prenatal development from fertilization to birth. It also describes the key structures and functions of the male reproductive system including the scrotum, testes, penis and accessory sex glands. For the female, it outlines the ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes, vagina, and external genitalia. Key terms are also defined such as zygote, blastocyst, embryo and fetus.

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    ANATOMY: Introduction To Embryology

    Uploaded by

    Nur Liyana Mohamad
    118 views22 pages
    This document provides an overview of human embryology and reproductive anatomy. It discusses the stages of prenatal development from fertilization to birth. It also describes the key structures and functions of the male reproductive system including the scrotum, testes, penis and accessory sex glands. For the female, it outlines the ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes, vagina, and external genitalia. Key terms are also defined such as zygote, blastocyst, embryo and fetus.

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    ANATOMY: Introduction to Embryology

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    This document provides an overview of human embryology and reproductive anatomy. It discusses the stages of prenatal development from fertilization to birth. It also describes the key structures and functions of the male reproductive system including the scrotum, testes, penis and accessory sex glands. For the female, it outlines the ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes, vagina, and external genitalia. Key terms are also defined such as zygote, blastocyst, embryo and fetus.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    118 views22 pages

    ANATOMY: Introduction To Embryology

    Uploaded by

    Nur Liyana Mohamad
    This document provides an overview of human embryology and reproductive anatomy. It discusses the stages of prenatal development from fertilization to birth. It also describes the key structures and functions of the male reproductive system including the scrotum, testes, penis and accessory sex glands. For the female, it outlines the ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes, vagina, and external genitalia. Key terms are also defined such as zygote, blastocyst, embryo and fetus.

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    Introduction to Embryology

    &
    Reproductive System
    Human Embryology

    The science concerned with origin & development of human being


    from Zygote (?) to birth (prenatal development)

    Stages of Human Development:


    1. Prenatal development (before birth)
    2. Postnatal development (after birth)

     Birth: a dramatic event during development that results in a


    change in environment.
    Terminology
    Oocyte (ovum):
    The female sex cell (gamete) that develops in ovaries

    Sperm:
    The male sex cell (gamete) that develops in testes

    Gamete:
    The germ cell of male or female that have the half number of
    chromosomes (Haploid, 23)

    Fertilization (Conception):
    The union of male gamete with female gamete to form a zygote
    (diploid, 46)
    Dizygotic twins:
    Non-identical twins
    Produced from independent release of 2 oocytes &
    subsequent fertilization by different sperms.

    Monozygotic twins:
    Identical twins
    Produced from the separation of the Zygote within the first
    week of fertilization (~8 days)

    *if the separation happened later than 8 days  ??


    Cleavage:
    Mitotic cell division of the zygote to form blastomeres

    Blastomeres:
    The emberyonic cells formed by cleavage (division)
    of the zygote

    Morula:
    When 12 or more blastomeres have formed
    berry-like shape (L, mulberry)
    3-4 days after fertilization
    within uterine tube

    Blastocyst:
    After the morula reaches the uterus
     uterine fluid passes into the morula
     forming a fluid-filled cavity
    morula becomes = blastocyst
    Blastocyst
    Early blastocyst:
    cavity in center (usually)

    Late blastocyst:
    blastomeres separated into:

    1. Trophoblast:
    outer cell layer = placenta

    2. Inner cell mass:


    a group of blastomeres gathered at periphery
    give rise to the embryo = embryoblast
    Implantation:
    Attachment of the blastocyst to endometrial wall of the uterus
    starts 6-7 days after fertilization (end of 1st wek)
    Embryo:
    The developing human during early stages of prenatal
    development (first 2 months)

    embryonic period: day 1  end of 8th week

    Fetus:
    The developing human after 8 weeks & until birth

    Infant: ? (L, infans)

    Neonate: ? (L, newborn)


    Crown-Rump Length (CRL)

    The measurement of the length of the embryo or fetus from vertex


    of skull (crown of head) to the rump (buttom of buttock)
    “the sitting height”
    Male Reproductive System

    Scrotum & Testes

    System of Ducts:
    Epididymis & Vas deferens
    ejaculatory duct, urethra

    Accessory sex glands


    Seminal vesicles
    Prostate
    Bulbourethral glands

    Penis
    Scrotum
    Supporting sac
    Layers:
    1. Skin (thin layer)
    2. Superficial fascia
    3. External spermatic fascia
    4. Cremasteric fascia
    5. Internal spermatic fascia

    Contents:
    1. Testes
    2. Epididymis
    3. Lower end of spermatic cord
    Testes (testicles):
    Oval glands where sperms are formed (spermatogenesis)
    lf. Testis lies at lower level than Rt. One

    Epididymis:
    The place where sperms are stored & mature
    head, body & tail

    Vas (ductus) Deferens:


    The tube that carries the sperms from epididymis to ejaculatory
    duct ( 0.5 m)
    Accessory Sex Glands
    Seminal Vesicles
    Post. to urinary bladder
    (on each side)
    Secrete alkaline (?) viscous fluid
    containing fructose (?)
     60% of S.F.

    Prostate gland
    Inf. to urinary bladder
    Secretes milky fluid containing
    proteolytic enzymes (?)
     25% of S.F.

    Bulbourethral glands
    (Cowper’s glands)
    Inf. To prostate
    Secrete alkaline fluid & mucus
    The Penis
    The male reproductive organ

    Consists of:
    Root body Glans penis

    3 cylindrical masses of tissue:


    corpus cavernosum (2)
    corpus spongiosum (1)

    Circumcision?
    Surgical removal of extra skin
    covering the glans (foreskin)
    Female Reproductive System

    Ovaries

    Uterus & Uterine tubes

    Vagina

    External Genitalia
    (Vulva)
    Ovaries
    Almond-shaped reproductive glands

    On the lat. Walls of the pelvis

    Fxn.:
    production of Oocytes

    secretion of estrogen &


    progesterone
    Uterine Tubes
    Fallopian tubes, oviducts

    uterus lat. ovaries

    4 parts:
    Infundibulum (funnel-shaped)

    Ampulla (site of fertilization)

    Isthmus

    Uterine part (intramural)


    Uterus
    The site for prenatal development & growth

     8 cm in length & 5-7 cm in width

    Consists of:
    Fundus

    Body

    Cervix:
    internal os
    external os
    Walls of The Uterus
    Perimetrium:
    Thin layer of C.T.
    (serosa or adventitia)

    Myometrium:
    Thick smooth m. layer

    Endometrium:
    Basal layer

    Functional layer:
    disintegrates during menstruation
    Vagina
    Communicating elastic tube (8cm) between the Vulva & Uterus

    Ascends upward & backward (45o)

    Fxn.:
    1. Excretory passage for
    Menstrual fluids

    2. Receives the penis during


    sexual intercourse

    3. Inf. part of the birth canal


    Vulva (Ext. Genitalia)
    Composed of 4 parts:
    1. Labia majora:
    folds of skin & fatty layer
    fxn.?

    2. Labia minora
    folds of skin
    surround the vaginal orifice

    3. Clitoris:
    small erectile organ
    at sup. jxn. of minora
    glans clitoris equivalent to
    glans penis in male

    4. Vestibule:
    urethral & vaginal orifices

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