One Dimensional Steady Heat Conduction Problems: Simple Ideas For Complex Problems

One Dimensional Steady Heat Conduction problems
P M V Subbarao
Associate Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
IIT Delhi
Simple ideas for complex Problems…

Electrical Circuit Theory of Heat Transfer
• Thermal Resistance
• A resistance can be defined as the ratio of a driving
potential to a corresponding transfer rate.
V
R
i
Analogy:
Electrical resistance is to conduction of electricity as thermal
resistance is to conduction of heat.
The analog of Q is current, and the analog of the temperature
difference, T1 - T2, is voltage difference.
From this perspective the slab is a pure resistance to heat transfer
and we can define
T
Q

Rth
The composite Wall
• The concept of a thermal
resistance circuit allows ready
analysis of problems such as a
composite slab (composite
planar heat transfer surface).
• In the composite slab, the heat
flux is constant with x.
• The resistances are in series and
sum to R = R1 + R2.
• If TL is the temperature at the
left, and TR is the temperature at
the right, the heat transfer rate
is given by
Wall Surfaces with Convection
d 2T dT
A 2 0  C1  T  C1 x  C2
dx dx
Boundary conditions:
dT
k  h1  T (0)  T1 
dx x 0
T1 T2
dT
k  h2  T ( L)  T 2  Rconv,1 Rcond Rconv,2
dx xL
Heat transfer for a wall with dissimilar materials
• For this situation, the total heat flux Q is made up of the heat flux in the
two parallel paths:
• Q = Q 1 + Q2
 with the total resistance given by:
Composite Walls
• The overall thermal resistance is given by

Desert Housing & Composite Walls
One-dimensional Steady Conduction in Radial
Systems
 dT 
d kA
 dr   0
dr
Homogeneous and constant property material
 dT 
d A
 dr   0
dr
At any radial location the surface are for heat conduction
in a solid cylinder is:
Acylinder  2rl
At any radial location the surface are for heat conduction

in a solid sphere is:
Asphere  4r 2
The GDE for cylinder:

 dT 
d r
 dr   0
dr
The GDE for sphere:
 2 dT 
d r
 dr   0
dr
General Solution for Cylinder:
T  r   C1 ln r   C2
General Solution for Sphere:

C1
T  r   C2 
r
Boundary Conditions
• No solution exists when r = 0.

• Totally solid cylinder or Sphere have no physical relevance!
• Dirichlet Boundary Conditions: The boundary conditions in any heat
transfer simulation are expressed in terms of the temperature at the
boundary.
• Neumann Boundary Conditions: The boundary conditions in any heat
transfer simulation are expressed in terms of the temperature gradient
at the boundary.
• Mixed Boundary Conditions: A mixed boundary condition gives
information about both the values of a temperature and the values of
its derivative on the boundary of the domain.
• Mixed boundary conditions are a combination of Dirichlet boundary
conditions and Neumann boundary conditions.
Mean Critical Thickness of Insulation
Heat loss from a pipe:
h,T
Q  hA Ts  T 
• If A, is increased, Q will increase.
• When insulation is added to a pipe, the outside ri
surface area of the pipe will increase.
• This would indicate an increased rate of heat Ts
transfer ro
• The insulation material has a low thermal conductivity, it reduces the
conductive heat transfer lowers the temperature difference between the
outer surface temperature of the insulation and the surrounding bulk fluid
temperature.
• This contradiction indicates that there must be a critical thickness of
insulation.
• The thickness of insulation must be greater than the critical thickness, so
that the rate of heat loss is reduced as desired.
T
Electrical analogy: Rate of heattransfer 
Rtotal
Ti  T
Q
1  ro  1
ln  
2Lk  ri  2ro Lho
As the outside radius, ro, increases, then in the denominator, the first term
increases but the second term decreases.
Thus, there must be a critical radius, rc , that will allow maximum rate of
heat transfer, Q
The critical radius, rc, can be obtained by differentiating and setting the
resulting equation equal to zero.
Ti,Tb, k, L, ro, ri are constant terms, therefore:
1 k
 2
0
ro ho ro
When outside radius becomes equal to critical radius, or ro = rc,
we get,
Safety of Insulation
• Pipes that are readily accessible by workers are subject to safety
constraints.
• The recommended safe "touch" temperature range is from 54.4 0C to
65.5 0C.
• Insulation calculations should aim to keep the outside temperature of
the insulation around 60 0C.
• An additional tool employed to help meet this goal is aluminum
covering wrapped around the outside of the insulation.
• Aluminum's thermal conductivity of 209 W/m K does not offer much
resistance to heat transfer, but it does act as another resistance while
also holding the insulation in place.
• Typical thickness of aluminum used for this purpose ranges from 0.2
mm to 0.4 mm.
• The addition of aluminum adds another resistance term, when
calculating the total heat loss:
Structure of Hot Fluid Piping
T1 T2
Rconv,1 Rpipe Rinsulation RAl Rconv,2

• However, when considering safety, engineers need a quick way to
calculate the surface temperature that will come into contact with the
workers.
• This can be done with equations or the use of charts.
• We start by looking at diagram:
At steady state, the heat transfer rate will be the same for each layer:
T1  T2 T2  T3 T3  T4
Q  
R pipe Rinsulation RAl
Solving the three expressions for the temperature difference yields:
T1  T2 T2  T3 T3  T4 T1  T4
Q   
R pipe Rinsulation RAl Rtotal
Each term in the denominator of above Equation is referred to as the

“Thermal resistance" of each layer.
Design Procedure
• Use the economic thickness of your insulation as a basis for your
calculation.
• After all, if the most affordable layer of insulation is safe, that's the
one you'd want to use.
• Since the heat loss is constant for each layer, calculate Q from the
bare pipe.
• Then solve T4 (surface temperature).
• If the economic thickness results in too high a surface temperature,
repeat the calculation by increasing the insulation thickness by 12 mm
each time until a safe touch temperature is reached.
• Using heat balance equations is certainly a valid means of estimating
surface temperatures, but it may not always be the fastest.
• Charts are available that utilize a characteristic called "equivalent
thickness" to simplify the heat balance equations.
• This correlation also uses the surface resistance of the outer covering
of the pipe.

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One Dimensional Steady Heat Conduction problems

Simple ideas for complex Problems…

• The overall thermal resistance is given by

At any radial location the surface are for heat conduction

The GDE for cylinder:

General Solution for Cylinder:

General Solution for Sphere:

• No solution exists when r = 0.

Rconv,1 Rpipe Rinsulation RAl Rconv,2

Each term in the denominator of above Equation is referred to as the

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