Engineering Drawing Unit - I
Engineering Drawing Unit - I
Engineering Drawing Unit - I
Engineering Drawing ?
• Drawing is the Language of an
Engineer which describes ability
to design future.
• It is meant for communicating his
ideas, thoughts and designs to
others.
ENGINEERING DRAWING
UNIT-I
Introduction to Engineering Drawing: Drawing
instruments and their uses, types of lines, use of
pencils, lettering, rules of dimensioning.
UNIT-III
Projections of Planes: Projections of regular planes, traces,
Oblique planes, Introduction to auxiliary planes
UNIT-IV
Projections of Solids: Projections of regular solids-Regular
Polyhedra, Solids of revolution, Axis inclined to both planes-
Alteration of position and auxiliary plane method
UNIT-V
Sections of Solids: Sections and sectional views of right regular
solids-Prism, Cylinder, Pyramid, Cone-Auxiliary views
UNIT-VI
Intersection of Similar and dis-similar solids: Line method,
Cutting plane method, Intersection of Prism Vs Prism,
Cylinder Vs Cylinder(Under similar category) and Cylinder Vs
Prism(Under dis-similar category)
TEXT BOOKS:
1.Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt / Charotar Publications
2.Engineering Drawing,K.L.Narayana and Kannaiah/Scietech
Publishers
REFERENCES:
1.Engineering Drawing,K.Venugopal/G.Sreekanjana,New Age
International Publishers
2.Engineering Drawing,B.V.R Gupta,M.Roja
Roy/I.K.International Publishing House
•Building drawing
•Machine drawing
•Electrical drawing etc.,
Importance of Engineering Drawing
1 B0 1000 X 1500
2 B1 700 X 1000
3 B2 500 X 700
4 B3 350 X 500
Drawing sheets
• The standard sizes of
S.NO Sheet Trimmed
the drawing sheets
designation size(mm)
recommended by BIS
(Bureau of Indian Length x Width
Standards) 1 A0 1189 x 841
• A0 = 1 m2
2 A1 841 x 594
• Drawing sheet A2.
• width to length 1: 2 3 A2 594 x 420
4 A3 420 x 297
5 A4 297 x 210
Drawing sheet formats
Working with T-square
Mini-Drafter
This instrument gives
faster drawing as it serves
the purpose of Set-
Square, Protractor and
scales.
Set – square
o Set-Squares are available in
450 and 300 600 angles. From
this type of set we can easily
draw different angle lines as
shown below.
compass
Divider
BORDER LINES
Perfectly rectangular working space is determined by
drawing the borderlines
• 20 to 25 mm space (top-bottom & right hand edges of
the paper (* 20mm)
• on the left hand side 25 to 30mm( * 30mm)
20
20
30
185
NOTE: DIMENSIONS
65 ARE NOT TO SCALE
ALL DIMENSIONS
20 ARE IN mm
SNIST 13
TITLE:
65
NAME:
ROLL NO: SECTION
SHEET NO: :DATE:
1
185
1:1 1:2 1 : 20 10 : 1
1 : 2.5 1 : 50 5:1
1 : 10 1 : 200
DRAWING PENCILS
Pencils recommended
PENCIL LINES
E Hidden outlines
Dashed thick Hidden edges
F Hidden outlines
Dashed thin Hidden edges
G Center line
Chain thin Lines of symmetry
trajectories
H Chain thin, Cutting planes
thick at ends
and changes
of direction
J Indication of lines or surfaces
Chain thick to which a special requirement
applies
K Outlines of adjacent parts
Chain thin Alternative and extreme
double dashed Positions of movable parts
Centroidal lines
Initial outlines prior to forming
Parts situated in front of the
cutting plane.
Basic lines :
LINES:
LETTERING
Writing of titles, dimensions, notes, and other important
particulars on a drawing is called lettering.
• Single stroke letters( recommended by BIS)
i) Vertical( mostly used)
ii) Inclined
• Gothic letters(main titles of ink drawing)
Inclined letters are lean to the right, the slope being 75º
with the horizontal.
• lettering is generally done in capital letters
LETTERING
Lettered text is often necessary to completely describe an object
or to provide detailed specifications. Lettering should be legible, be
easy to create, and use styles acceptable for traditional drawing and
CAD drawing.
Which is better ?
DIMESIONING
The information of size on the drawing is called
“Dimensioning”. It plays an important role as it helps in giving
the correct and accurate size of the part to be manufactured.
• Drawing without dimensions is meaningless
The elements of dimensioning are:
– Dimension line
– Extension line
– Arrowheads
– Dimension figures
– Leaders
– Notes
*Dimension lines should always be parallel to the line it
dimensions.
*Extension line should extend slightly beyond the dimension line.
Lines used in Dimensioning
o Dimensioning requires the use of
Dimension lines
Extension lines
Leader lines
EXTENSION LINE
*FILLED IN TYPE
* ISO recommends
d
3d
OPEN TYPE
d
SYSTEM OF DIMENSIONING
1.ALIGNED SYSTEM
2.UNI-DIRECTIONAL SYSTEM
ALIGNED SYSTEM
Read from the bottom edge or the right
hand edge of the drawing
UNI-DIRECTIONAL SYSTEM
• Read horizontally as well as from bottom of the
drawing
PRINCIPLES TO BE FOLLOWED IN DIMENSIONING
One benefit of CAD is the ability to draw perfectly straight uniform lines
and other geometric elements. Making changes to a CAD drawing takes
about a tenth the time that it takes to edit a drawing by hand.
Title: LETTERING AND DIMENSIONING
Sheet No.1 (A)
Lettering.
1.Print the letters A to Z (h=10 mm).
(Gap between letters =2mm Width of all
letters: 6mm except M, W and I.
For M,W the width is 8mm and for I the width
is 2mm)
2. Print letters a to z (h=10)
3. Print the Numerals 0 to 9, (h=10mm)
72
1.ENGINEERING DRAWING IS THE LANGUAGE OF
ENGINEERS
2. SCIENTISTS STUDY THE WORLD AS IT IS!
ENGINEERS CREATE THE WORLD THAT NEVER
HAS BEEN!!
3.PLAN YOUR WORK AND WORK YOUR PLAN
4.STANDARDS CONNECT THE WORLD
5.PRACTICE MAKES YOU PERFECT
6.THERE IS NOTHING PERMANENT EXCEPT
CHANGE
N.D.Bhatt Exercise-1: Fig.1-38(a to f) ; 1-40 (a & b)
73
Draw AB = given length of polygon
At B, Draw BP perpendicular & = AB
Draw Straight line AP
With center B and radius AB, draw arc AP.
The perpendicular bisector of AB meets st.
line AP and arc AP in 4 and 6 respectively.
Draw circles with centers as 4, 5,&6 and
radii as 4B, 5B, & 6B and inscribe a square,
pentagon, & hexagon in the respective
circles.
Mark point 7, 8, etc with 6-7,7-8,etc. = 4-5 to
get the centers of circles of heptagon and etc.
General Method-II
1. Draw a semi circle with side of polygon as radius
2. Divide the semi circle into n equal parts.
Angle = 180/no. of sides
3. Join A and 2
4. Extend the lines from A3, A4 etc.
5.With length of side from 2 cut on the line extended A3 etc.
Heptagon
Inscription and superscription of Polygons
Superscription/Describe/Circumscribe a Polygon
1. Construct pentagon, hexagon and octagon of side 35 mm in the same diagram
adopting inscription of circle method.
2.Inscribe a Pentagon in the circle of radius 30mm.(Inscribe a polygon in a given circle)
Pentagon
3.Construct a regular hexagon given the distance across the flats as 60mm.
Dia. of inscribed circle in the hexagon is nothing but distance across flats.
Hence draw circle of Ø 60
(Super scribe)
4.Construct a regular hexagon given distance across corners is 50mm.
( Inscribe )
5.Describe a hexagon about a circle of 60 mm dia. With one side
a)vertical b)horizontal
6. Super scribe a regular octagon about a given circle of 70 mm dia.
7. Division of a line
8. Divide a circle into 12 and 8 parts.
Practical Methods
Title: PLANE FIGURES
Sheet No.1 (B)
Q. Construct the following:
i) Equilateral triangle of side 50mm by using compass
(Equilateral triangle)
ii) Isosceles triangle of base 50mm and altitude 70mm.
iii) Rectangle of length 60mm and width 40mm
iv) Square of side 50mm
v) Rhombus of diagonal 80mm & 50mm.
vi) Regular pentagon side 30mm
vii) Regular hexagon of side 30mm.
viii) Regular octagon of side 20mm
93
Title: INSCRIPTION OF POLYGONS
Sheet No.2(A)
1. Draw a line of 70mm and divide it in to 6 equal
parts.
2. Inscribe the following polygon in a circle of
diameter 70mm.
i) Pentagon 720
ii) Hexagon 600
iii) Heptagon 520
iv) Octagon 450
94
Title: DESCRIPTION OF POLYGONS
Sheet No.2(B)
1.Describe the following polygons about a circle
of diameter 60mm.
i) Square
ii) Pentagon
iii) Hexagon
iv) Octagon
95
CONIC SECTIONS
TYPES OF CURVES
1.Conic Sections
2.Cycloidal Curves
3.Involutes
4.Evolutes
5.Spirals
CONIC SECTIONS
These are the intersections of a
right regular cone by cutting
plane in different positions
relative to the axis of the cone.
ELLIPSE -Definition
Se
Section plane A-A parallel to a generator
c ti
on
Pl
an
e
It is not closed curve.
Base
C
Axis
HYPERBOLA
Sec C-C
Plan
tion
Section Plane
e
-Definition
C α Ѳ
BY
DIFFERENT METHODS
Conics: The sections Axis
Apex
obtained by the
intersection of a right
circular cone by a plane
in different positions
relative to the axis of the
cone are called conics.
E = 2/3
4’ VE = VF
3’ P4
2’ P3 F = Centre , 1- 1’ = Radius, cut 1-1’ at
D 1’ P2 P1
I F = Centre , 2- 2’ = Radius, cut 2-2’ at
R E P1
FP2= Centre , 3- 3’ = Radius, cut 3-3’ at
E
P3
F = Centre , 4- 4’ = Radius, cut 4-4’ at
C C
T 1 2 3 4 P4
V F AXIS
R
I
X
B
Problem:
Construct an Ellipse, with distance of the focus from the directrix as 50 and
eccentricity as 2/3. Also draw normal and tangent to the curve at a point 40 from the
directrix.
Directrix
Eccentricity method-Construction procedure
1. Draw the axis AB and directrix CD at right angle to each other.
P2
P2
P1
P1
½ AB
B1
A1
A B
O
F1 1 2 3 B1 F2
A1
P1
P1
P2
P2
D
Problem:
The major and minor axes of an Ellipse are 120 and 80. Draw an Ellipse.
2. With centre C or D and radius OA(=OB) draw arcs intersecting the major axis
at F1 and F2 the foci.
3. Mark a number of points 1,2,3 etc., between F1 and O which need not be
equidistant.
4. With centers F1 and F2 and radii A-1 and B-1 respectively, draw arcs
intersecting at points P1 and P1’.
5. With centers F1 and F2 and radii B-1 and A-1 respectively, draw arcs
intersecting at points Q1 and Q1’.
6. Repeat the steps 4 and 5 with the remaining points 2,3,4 etc., and obtain
additional points on the curve.
P1 P3
A B
O
P2 P4
D
Problem:
The major and minor axes of an Ellipse are 120 and 80. Draw an Ellipse.
3.Divide both the circles into the same number of parts say 12
by radial lines.
D
Problem:
The major and minor axes of an Ellipse are 120 and 80. Draw an Ellipse.
Construction Procedure-Oblong method
1.Draw the major and minor axes and locate the centre O.
5.Join D with 1,2 and 3 and extend till they meet the above lines C-1’, C-2’
and C-3’ respectively. At points P1 ,P2 and P3.
6.Repeat the steps 3 to 5 and obtain the points in the remaining quadrants.
120
Problem:
A parallelogram has sides 100 and 80,at an angle of 700 . Inscribe an Ellipse in the
parallelogram. Find the major and minor axes of the curve.
AB and CD are conjugate axes or conjugate diameters
Conjugate axes are two lines intersecting each other at the centre of an ellipse
when they are parallel to the tangents drawn at their extremities.
Problem1. Construct an ellipse when the major axis is 120 and the distance between
the foci is 108. Determine the length of the minor axis.
• 4.Join H with 1,2,3 and extend till these meet the lines G1’,G2’
and G3’ at P1,P2 and P3 respectively.
2. with center O and diameter EF, draw a circle and divide it into any number of equal parts
,say 160.
3. Draw the lines perpendicular to EF and passing through the above division points
meeting at 1’ , 2’ , 3’ , etc.,
4. Join 4,G.
6. Through 1’ , 2’ , 3’ etc., draw parallel lines to the GH intersecting the above lines at
P1,P2,P3 etc.,
1. Draw the axis AB and the directrix CD at right angles to each other.
2. Mark the focus F on the axis such that AF=50.
3. Locate vortex V on AB such that AV=VF=25.
4. Draw a line VE , perpendicular to AB such that VE=VF.
5. Join A,E and extend. By construction VE/VA = VF/VA = 1.
6. Locate a number of points 1,2,3,etc., to the right of V on the axis, which need not be
equidistant.
7. Through the points 1,2,3, etc., draw lines perpendicular to the axis and to meet the
line AE extended at 1’ , 2’ , 3’, etc.
8. With center F and radius 1-1’ draw arcs intersecting the line through 1 at P1 and p1’.
These p1 and p1’ are the points on the Parabola because the distance of p1 (p1’)
from F is 1-1’ and from CD it is A-1 and 1-1’/A-1 = VE/VA = VF/VA = 1.
9. Similarly locate the points P2,P2’ : P3,P3’: etc., on either side of the axis.
10. Join the points by a smooth curve , forming the required parabola.
Construction Procedure –Tangent and Normal
1.Locate the point M which is at 40 from the directrix.
2.Join M to F .
5.Draw a line perpendicular to tangent T-T name as N-N is the normal to the
Parabola.
Problem:
Construct a parabola ,with the length of base as 60 and axis 30 long. Also ,
draw a tangent to the curve at a point 25 from the base.
E D F
P2 P3
2
P1 P4
A C B
1’ 2’
O
6 1’
5 2’
4 3’
F
3 4’
2 5’
1 6’
A E B
Construction Procedure
1. Draw the base AB=60 and the axis CD=30 such that CD is perpendicular
bisector to AB.
3. Join E ,A and E,B. These are the tangents to the Parabola at A and B.
4. Divide AE and BE into the same number of equal parts and number the points.
5. Join 1-1’ , 2-2’ , 3-3’, etc., forming the tangents to the required parabola.
A smooth curve passing through A,D and B and tangential to the above line is the
required Parabola.
Construction Procedure –Tangent and Normal
1. Locate the point M which is 25 from the base.
3. Divide AC and AL into the same number of equal parts and number the points.
4. Join 1,2,3 to D.
3. Divide AC and AL into the same number of equal parts and number the points.
4. Join 1,2,3 to D.
5. Through 1’,2’,3’ draw lines parallel to axis intersecting the the lines 1-D ,2-D,3-D at P1,P2 and P3 respectively.
6. Parabola is symmetric so draw the remaining half portion.
Join all the points we get Parabola
CONSTRUCTION OF HYPER-PARABOLA
BY
DIFFERENT METHODS
Problem:
Construct a Hyperbola ,
with the distance
between the focus and
the directrix as 50 and
eccentricity as 3/2. Also
draw normal and
tangent to the curve at a
point 30 from the
directrix.
Construction of Hyperbola- –
Eccentricity method
Construction Procedure
1.Draw the axis AB and the directrix CD at right angle to each other.
2.Mark focus F on the axis such that AF=50.
3.Divide AF in 5 equal parts.
4.Locate the vertex V on the second division point from A.
5.Draw a line VE perpendicular to AB such that VE=VF.
6.Join A,E and extend. By construction , VE/VA = VF/VA = 3/2 ,the eccentricity.
7. Locate a number of points 1,2,3,etc., to the right of V on the axis, which need not be
equidistant.
7. Through the points 1,2,3, etc., draw lines perpendicular to the axis and to meet the
line AE extended at 1’ , 2’ , 3’, etc.
8. With center F and radius 1-1’ draw arcs intersecting the line through 1 at P1 and
p1’. These p1 and p1’ are the points on the Hyperbola.
9. Similarly locate the points P2,P2’ : P3,P3’: etc., on either side of the axis.
10. Join the points by a smooth curve , forming the required Hyperbola.
Problem:
Construct a Hyperbola
with its foci 70 apart and
the major axis 45. Draw a
tangent to the curve at a
point 20 from the focus.
Also determine the
eccentricity of the curve.
Construction Procedure
1.Draw the axis AB and locate a point O on it.
2.Locate the foci F1,F2 such that F1F2=70 and locate vertices V1,V2 such that V1V2 =45 on AB.
3.Mark a number of points 1,2,3 etc., on AB to the right of F2 which need not be equidistant .
4.With center F1 and radius v1-1 draw arcs on either side if the transverse axis.
5. With center F2 and radius v2-1 draw arcs intersecting the above arcs at P1 and P1’.
6. With center F2 and radius v1-1 draw arcs on either side if the transverse axis.
7. With center F1 and radius v2-1 draw arcs intersecting the above arcs at Q1 and Q1’.
8.Repeat the steps 4 to 7 and obtain the two branches of the hyperbola.
Construction Procedure –Tangent and Normal
Eccentricity e = OF1/OV1
= OF2/OV2
= 35/22.5
e = 1.56
Problem:
Construct a Rectangular Hyperbola ,when a point P on it is at a distance of 18 and 34 from
two asymptotes. Also draw a tangent to the curve at a point 20 from an asymptote .
Construction Procedure
1.Draw the asymptotes OA and OB at right angle to each other and locate the
given point P.
2.Draw the lines CD and EF passing through point P and parallel to OA and OB
respectively.
3.Locate a number of points 1,2,3,etc., along the line CD , which need not be
equi -distant.
4.Join 1,2,3,etc., to O and extend if necessary , till these lines meet the line EF
at points 1’ , 2’ , 3’, etc.
Applications:
Cycloid curves are used in Dial gauges.
Cycloid
Cycloid
Construction procedure – Cycloid
1.Draw a part of the directing circle with O’ as center and radius 75.
3.Locate the point O on the above line such that OP=20,the radius of the generating circle .
9.Through the points 1,2,3,etc., on the generating circle ,draw arcs with O’ as center.
10.With center O1 and radius 20 draw an arc intersecting the arc through 1 at P1.
Locate the point M on the curve which is at 95 from the center of the
directing circle.
With M as center and radius 20 draw an arc intersecting the locus of the
generating circle at C.
1.Draw a part of the directing circle with O’ as center and radius 80.
3.Locate the point O on the above line such that OP=20,the radius of the generating circle .
9.Through the points 1,2,3,etc., on the generating circle ,draw arcs with O’ as center.
10.With center O1 and radius 20 draw an arc intersecting the arc through 1 at P1.
2.From point A on the circle, draw a line AP, tangential to the circle
and equal to 165, the length of the thread.
3.Divide the circle into 12 equal parts and mark the chord lengths
along the line AP.
3.Divide the circle into a number of equal parts, say 12 and number as shown.
5.When the line AC rolls on the circle and 1’ coincides with 1, locate the
positions of A and C, such that 1-A1 = A-1’ and 1-C1 = 1’C.
6.Similarly, locate the end points for different positions of the line, as it rolls on
the circle.
7.Join A,A1,A2,A3., etc., and C,C1,C2,C3, etc., representing the paths of A and C.
Q: A disc in the form of a square of 35 side, is surmounted by semi-circles on
the two opposite sides. Draw the path of the end of the string, unwound
from the circumference of the disc.
1.Draw the square PQRS of side 35, surmounted by two semi-circles on the two
opposite sides.
2.Divide the semi-circles into six equal parts and number as shown.
5.Assuming that the string is unwound from P, locate P1 along the tangent at 1
such that 1P1 = P1’.
6.Locate P2 along the tangent at 2 such that 2P2 = P2’ and so on.
7.Join the points; P, P1, P2 etc., by a smooth curve forming the path of the end of
the string.
When a plane passes through a cone we get different types of
curves. Some curves are obtained as intersections and some are
obtained by tracing the locus of a point moving according to the
mathematical relationship, applicable to that particular curve.
Conic
sections:
1.Ellipse
2.Circle
3.Parabola
4.Hyperbola
Sections of Cone Sections of
Double Cone
TERMS USED
α= Section plane angle
with axis of cone