Engineering Drawing Unit - I

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The key takeaways are that engineering drawing is the language of engineers and is used to communicate designs and ideas to others. It also discusses the importance and standards of engineering drawings.

The different types of conic sections are ellipse, circle, parabola, and hyperbola.

The terms used to describe conic sections are focus, directrix, vertex, and locus.

A PICTURE SPEAKS THOUSANDS OF WORDS

Engineering Drawing ?
• Drawing is the Language of an
Engineer which describes ability
to design future.
• It is meant for communicating his
ideas, thoughts and designs to
others.
ENGINEERING DRAWING
UNIT-I
Introduction to Engineering Drawing: Drawing
instruments and their uses, types of lines, use of
pencils, lettering, rules of dimensioning.

Construction of Polygons: Inscription and


superscription of polygons given the diameter of circle.

Introduction to scales(Theory only):Scales used in


Engineering Practice and concept of Representative
Fraction.

Curves used in Engineering Practice and their


Constructions:Conic sections including the Rectangular
Hyperbola-General Method only.
UNIT-II
Drawing of Projections or views(Orthographic projections in
First angle projection only): Principles of orthographic
projections-conventions-first and third angle projections,
projections of points, projections of lines-inclined to both
planes, true lengths, traces.

UNIT-III
Projections of Planes: Projections of regular planes, traces,
Oblique planes, Introduction to auxiliary planes

UNIT-IV
Projections of Solids: Projections of regular solids-Regular
Polyhedra, Solids of revolution, Axis inclined to both planes-
Alteration of position and auxiliary plane method
UNIT-V
Sections of Solids: Sections and sectional views of right regular
solids-Prism, Cylinder, Pyramid, Cone-Auxiliary views

UNIT-VI
Intersection of Similar and dis-similar solids: Line method,
Cutting plane method, Intersection of Prism Vs Prism,
Cylinder Vs Cylinder(Under similar category) and Cylinder Vs
Prism(Under dis-similar category)
TEXT BOOKS:
1.Engineering Drawing by N. D. Bhatt / Charotar Publications
2.Engineering Drawing,K.L.Narayana and Kannaiah/Scietech
Publishers

REFERENCES:
1.Engineering Drawing,K.Venugopal/G.Sreekanjana,New Age
International Publishers
2.Engineering Drawing,B.V.R Gupta,M.Roja
Roy/I.K.International Publishing House

Evaluation: 70(External) + 30(Internal)


Internal Marks Distribution
Drawing sheets:15
Mids:12 (Best 2 out of 3)
Attendence:3
•Why and What is Engineering Drawing?
•Importance of Engineering Drawing
•Standards
•List of Drawing instruments
•Border lines
•Title block
•Types of lines
•Pencils recommended
•Lettering
•Dimensioning
ENGINEERING DRAWING
An Engineer will be able to communicate his ideas to
others effectively through drawing.

Engineering drawing is considered as the language of


Engineers.

Definition : A Drawing prepared by an engineer, for an


engineering purpose is known as an Engineering drawing.

The classification of Engineering drawings include:

•Building drawing
•Machine drawing
•Electrical drawing etc.,
Importance of Engineering Drawing

 Engineering Drawing is a two dimensional


representation of a three dimensional object. It is the
graphic language, from which a trained person can
visualize the object.

Engineering drawing is formal and precise way of


communicating information about the shape, size,
features and precision of physical objects.

Drawing is the universal language of Engineering


WHY ? instruments for drawing.
A typical study of the drawing course will lead to the
following observations.

• It develops a type of discipline in graphical


techniques.
• It develops ability to analyze and communicate ideas.
• It helps in imagining the proper size, shape & form of
an object.
• It develops capacity of reasoning & judgment.
• It helps in the study of other Engineering subjects.
STANDARDS
• For the convenience of exchange of information and to
buy or sell machinery from or to a foreign country and to
facilitate interchangeability of parts it is essential to have
standard code of practice
• Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is the National
Standards Body formed by the Government of India on
1 April 1987, replacing Indian Standard Institution(ISI)
existing earlier.
• The other foreign standards are
– DIN of Germany
– BS of Britain
• BIS works in association with ISO ( International
Standards Organization )
List of drawing instruments
• Drawing board
• Drawing sheets & Supporting sheet
• Mini-drafter
• Instrument box
• Scales
• Drawing pencils (2H,H and HB Grades)
• Eraser
• Clips and Drawing pins/Adhesive tape
• Protractor
• Paper Napkins or Handkerchief
List of Drawing Instruments
o Drawing Board
o Mini-Drafter
o Set-Square
o Scales
o Protractor
o Set – square
o divider
o Pencils
o French Curves
Drawing Board
o To make lines on a drawing
paper smooth and straight, a
polished drawing board is one
of the top most requirements.
Drawing board
Sizes of drawing boards
S. No. Designation Size (mm)

1 B0 1000 X 1500

2 B1 700 X 1000
3 B2 500 X 700
4 B3 350 X 500
Drawing sheets
• The standard sizes of
S.NO Sheet Trimmed
the drawing sheets
designation size(mm)
recommended by BIS
(Bureau of Indian Length x Width
Standards) 1 A0 1189 x 841
• A0 = 1 m2
2 A1 841 x 594
• Drawing sheet A2.
• width to length 1: 2 3 A2 594 x 420

4 A3 420 x 297

5 A4 297 x 210
Drawing sheet formats
Working with T-square
Mini-Drafter
This instrument gives
faster drawing as it serves
the purpose of Set-
Square, Protractor and
scales.
Set – square
o Set-Squares are available in
450 and 300 600 angles. From
this type of set we can easily
draw different angle lines as
shown below.
compass

Large size compass 1 mm gap


Use of Lengthening bar (large compass)
Small bow compass

Divider
BORDER LINES
Perfectly rectangular working space is determined by
drawing the borderlines
• 20 to 25 mm space (top-bottom & right hand edges of
the paper (* 20mm)
• on the left hand side 25 to 30mm( * 30mm)
20

20
30
185

NOTE: DIMENSIONS
65 ARE NOT TO SCALE
ALL DIMENSIONS
20 ARE IN mm
SNIST 13

TITLE:
65
NAME:
ROLL NO: SECTION
SHEET NO: :DATE:
1

185

TITLE BLOCK NOTE: DIMENSIONS


ARE NOT TO SCALE
ALL DIMENSIONS
ARE IN mm
Scale recommended for use in ED

Full scale Reduced scale Enlarge scale

1:1 1:2 1 : 20 10 : 1

1 : 2.5 1 : 50 5:1

1:5 1 : 100 2:1

1 : 10 1 : 200
DRAWING PENCILS
Pencils recommended
PENCIL LINES

2H Initial work, construction lines, locus


lines, projectors, extension lines etc.

H Lettering, dimensioning, figures in the


assumed position and anything given
in the problem, section lines etc.,
HB Aim of the problem (Result), outer
lines
TYPES OF LINES:
TYPE LINE DESCRIPTION GENERAL APPLICATIONS

Continuous thick Visible outlines


A
Continuous thin Imaginary lines of intersection
(straight or Dimension lines
curved) Projection lines
B Leader lines
Hatching
Outlines of revolved sections in
place
Short center lines
Continuous thin Limits of partial or interrupted
C freehand views and sections, if the limit is
not a chain thin line
Continuous thin Long break line
D (straight with
zigzags)

E Hidden outlines
Dashed thick Hidden edges
F Hidden outlines
Dashed thin Hidden edges
G Center line
Chain thin Lines of symmetry
trajectories
H Chain thin, Cutting planes
thick at ends
and changes
of direction
J Indication of lines or surfaces
Chain thick to which a special requirement
applies
K Outlines of adjacent parts
Chain thin Alternative and extreme
double dashed Positions of movable parts
Centroidal lines
Initial outlines prior to forming
Parts situated in front of the
cutting plane.
Basic lines :
LINES:
LETTERING
Writing of titles, dimensions, notes, and other important
particulars on a drawing is called lettering.
• Single stroke letters( recommended by BIS)
i) Vertical( mostly used)
ii) Inclined
• Gothic letters(main titles of ink drawing)
Inclined letters are lean to the right, the slope being 75º
with the horizontal.
• lettering is generally done in capital letters
LETTERING
Lettered text is often necessary to completely describe an object
or to provide detailed specifications. Lettering should be legible, be
easy to create, and use styles acceptable for traditional drawing and
CAD drawing.

Engineering drawings use single-stroke sans serif vertical


CAPITAL letters because they are highly legible and quick to draw.

Lower case letters are used for abbreviations like mm, cm


etc.
Left to right & top to bottom
Size of letters is measured by height ‘h’ of capital letters as well
as numerals.
Standard heights: 1.8, 2.5, 3.5, 5, 7, 10,14, 20 mm
Main title: 5 or 7 or 10 mm
Sub-titles: 3.5 or 5 mm
Dimensions, notes etc: 2.5, 3.5, 5 mm

Capital letters Size-10:7(height:width)


Gap:2mm
TOMQVAXY -10:8 ; W-10:12;
I - 10:2; others 10:7
Lower-case: 0.7 times capital letters
with stem or tail(b,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,p,q,t,y)- 10:7 (0.7+0.3+0.3)
Without stem or tail- 7:5
m & w-7:7
i -10:2
Numericals(0 to 9 except 1)- 10:6 and 1 - 10:2
Lettering rules :
Lettering types
Lowercase letters are rarely used in engineering sketches
except for lettering large volumes of notes. Vertical
lowercase letters are used on map drawings, but very seldom
on machine drawings.
DIMENSIONING

Which is better ?
DIMESIONING
The information of size on the drawing is called
“Dimensioning”. It plays an important role as it helps in giving
the correct and accurate size of the part to be manufactured.
• Drawing without dimensions is meaningless
The elements of dimensioning are:
– Dimension line
– Extension line
– Arrowheads
– Dimension figures
– Leaders
– Notes
*Dimension lines should always be parallel to the line it
dimensions.
*Extension line should extend slightly beyond the dimension line.
Lines used in Dimensioning
o Dimensioning requires the use of

Dimension lines
Extension lines
Leader lines

o All three line types are drawn thin.


Dimension line
o Dimension line: A line terminated by arrowheads,
which indicates the direction and extension of a
dimension.

o Extension line: An extension line is a thin solid line


that extends from a point on the drawing to which
the dimension refers.

o Leader Line: A straight inclined thin solid line that is


usually terminated by an arrowhead.
Dimension line
Arrowheads
• Arrowheads are drawn between the extension lines
if possible. If space is limited, they may be drawn
on the outside.
What are the 6 dimensioning
mistakes?
Mistakes are:
Correctly Dimensioned
LEADERS

EXTENSION LINE

DIMENSION LINE ARROW HEAD


3d

*FILLED IN TYPE
* ISO recommends
d

3d

OPEN TYPE

d
SYSTEM OF DIMENSIONING

1.ALIGNED SYSTEM
2.UNI-DIRECTIONAL SYSTEM
ALIGNED SYSTEM
Read from the bottom edge or the right
hand edge of the drawing
UNI-DIRECTIONAL SYSTEM
• Read horizontally as well as from bottom of the
drawing
PRINCIPLES TO BE FOLLOWED IN DIMENSIONING

• The aligned system of giving dimensions


should be followed.
• As far as possible all the dimensions should be
placed outside the object placing dimension
lines at least 8mm from the outlines and from
one another.
• The dimensions should never be crowded.
• The diameter can be dimensioned by giving Ф
or D before the measurement.
•The angles should be dimensioned as shown below
PARALELL DIMENSIONING
• Dimensions start from a common datum
• Cumulative error can be avoided.
PROGRESSIVE DIMENSIONING

The datum is indicated by a dot and the dimensions are


placed in line with the projection line
Dimensioning of the chamfered portion
THE COMPUTER
AS A DRAFTING TOOL
Most people who create technical drawings use CAD. The
advantages include accuracy, speed, and the ability to present
spatial and visual information in a variety of ways.

Even the most skilled CAD users need to


also be skilled in freehand sketching, to
quickly get ideas down on paper.

One benefit of CAD is the ability to draw perfectly straight uniform lines
and other geometric elements. Making changes to a CAD drawing takes
about a tenth the time that it takes to edit a drawing by hand.
Title: LETTERING AND DIMENSIONING
Sheet No.1 (A)
Lettering.
1.Print the letters A to Z (h=10 mm).
(Gap between letters =2mm Width of all
letters: 6mm except M, W and I.
For M,W the width is 8mm and for I the width
is 2mm)
2. Print letters a to z (h=10)
3. Print the Numerals 0 to 9, (h=10mm)
72
1.ENGINEERING DRAWING IS THE LANGUAGE OF
ENGINEERS
2. SCIENTISTS STUDY THE WORLD AS IT IS!
ENGINEERS CREATE THE WORLD THAT NEVER
HAS BEEN!!
3.PLAN YOUR WORK AND WORK YOUR PLAN
4.STANDARDS CONNECT THE WORLD
5.PRACTICE MAKES YOU PERFECT
6.THERE IS NOTHING PERMANENT EXCEPT
CHANGE
N.D.Bhatt Exercise-1: Fig.1-38(a to f) ; 1-40 (a & b)
73
Draw AB = given length of polygon
At B, Draw BP perpendicular & = AB
Draw Straight line AP
With center B and radius AB, draw arc AP.
The perpendicular bisector of AB meets st.
line AP and arc AP in 4 and 6 respectively.
Draw circles with centers as 4, 5,&6 and
radii as 4B, 5B, & 6B and inscribe a square,
pentagon, & hexagon in the respective
circles.
Mark point 7, 8, etc with 6-7,7-8,etc. = 4-5 to
get the centers of circles of heptagon and etc.
General Method-II
1. Draw a semi circle with side of polygon as radius
2. Divide the semi circle into n equal parts.
Angle = 180/no. of sides
3. Join A and 2
4. Extend the lines from A3, A4 etc.
5.With length of side from 2 cut on the line extended A3 etc.

Heptagon
Inscription and superscription of Polygons
Superscription/Describe/Circumscribe a Polygon
1. Construct pentagon, hexagon and octagon of side 35 mm in the same diagram
adopting inscription of circle method.
2.Inscribe a Pentagon in the circle of radius 30mm.(Inscribe a polygon in a given circle)

Pentagon
3.Construct a regular hexagon given the distance across the flats as 60mm.

Dia. of inscribed circle in the hexagon is nothing but distance across flats.
Hence draw circle of Ø 60

(Super scribe)
4.Construct a regular hexagon given distance across corners is 50mm.

Diameter of circumscribing circle is nothing but distance across corners.


Hence draw a circle of Ø 50

( Inscribe )
5.Describe a hexagon about a circle of 60 mm dia. With one side
a)vertical b)horizontal
6. Super scribe a regular octagon about a given circle of 70 mm dia.
7. Division of a line
8. Divide a circle into 12 and 8 parts.
Practical Methods
Title: PLANE FIGURES
Sheet No.1 (B)
Q. Construct the following:
i) Equilateral triangle of side 50mm by using compass
(Equilateral triangle)
ii) Isosceles triangle of base 50mm and altitude 70mm.
iii) Rectangle of length 60mm and width 40mm
iv) Square of side 50mm
v) Rhombus of diagonal 80mm & 50mm.
vi) Regular pentagon side 30mm
vii) Regular hexagon of side 30mm.
viii) Regular octagon of side 20mm
93
Title: INSCRIPTION OF POLYGONS
Sheet No.2(A)
1. Draw a line of 70mm and divide it in to 6 equal
parts.
2. Inscribe the following polygon in a circle of
diameter 70mm.
i) Pentagon 720
ii) Hexagon 600
iii) Heptagon 520
iv) Octagon 450
94
Title: DESCRIPTION OF POLYGONS
Sheet No.2(B)
1.Describe the following polygons about a circle
of diameter 60mm.
i) Square
ii) Pentagon
iii) Hexagon
iv) Octagon

95
CONIC SECTIONS
TYPES OF CURVES
1.Conic Sections
2.Cycloidal Curves
3.Involutes
4.Evolutes
5.Spirals
CONIC SECTIONS
These are the intersections of a
right regular cone by cutting
plane in different positions
relative to the axis of the cone.
ELLIPSE -Definition

 It is a curve traced by a point moving


such that at any position, its distance Se
c ti o
nP
from a fixed point (focus) is always less B
lan
e

to its distance from fixed straight line α


(directrix).
 Algebraic definition: a set of points in the plane
such that the sum of the distances from two
fixed points, called foci, remains constant. B
Base

 Cutting plane angle is say α , Cone


Apex half angle is say Ѳ then for
Parabola α >Ѳ and α <900

 The size of parabola depends upon the


angle of section plane and the distance
of the section plane from the apex of
cone.

 It cuts all generators so we get closed


Ellipse.
PARABOLA -Definition

 It is a curve traced by a point moving such that


at any position its distance from a fixed point
(focus) is always equal to its distance from fixed
straight line ( directrix).

 Cutting plane angle is say α , Cone Apex half


angle is say Ѳ then for Parabola α = Ѳ.

Se
 Section plane A-A parallel to a generator

c ti
on
Pl
an
e
 It is not closed curve.

 The size of parabola depends upon the distance


of the section plane from the generator

Base
C

Axis
HYPERBOLA

Sec C-C
Plan
tion

Section Plane
e
-Definition
C α Ѳ

 It is a curve traced by a point moving


such that at any position, its distance
from a fixed point (focus) is always
greater to its distance from fixed
straight line i. e directrix.

 Cutting plane angle is say α , Cone Base

Apex half angle is say Ѳ then for


Parabola α < Ѳ.

 Even α = 0,provided section plane parallel


to axis & not passing through the apex of
the cone is also Hyper Parabola.

 If section plane passes through Apex


the section produced is Isosceles
Triangle.
 If double cone is cut by section plane
we get symmetric Hyperbola.
CONSTRUCTION OF ELLIPSE

BY

DIFFERENT METHODS
Conics: The sections Axis
Apex
obtained by the
intersection of a right
circular cone by a plane
in different positions
relative to the axis of the
cone are called conics.

Ellipse: inclined to axis, cuts all the


Generators one side, not passing through base
Parabola: inclined to axis, parallel to one of the generators, passing through base
Hyperbola: Not parallel to generator, passing through base
Rectangular hyperbola: cutting plane is parallel to the axis of cone(but not pass
through Apex)
. FOCUS:
It is fixed point VERTEX:
The point at which
the conic section
intersects the axis is
called Vertex

DIRECTRIX: Locus: The Path of a


It is fixed straight point.
line.
• Ellipse: The section plane is inclined to the axis and cuts all
the generators on one side of the apex, the section is an
ellipse.
• Parabola: The section plane is inclined to the axis and is
parallel to one of the generators, the section is a parabola.
• Hyperbola: A plane curve having two separate parts or
branches, formed when two cones that point towards one
another are intersected by a plane, that is parallel to the axes
of the cones.
• Conic : The locus of a point moving in a plane in such a
way that the ratio of it distances from a fixed straight line is
always constant .

• The fixed point is called FOCUS.


• The fixed line is DIRECTRIX.
ECCENTRICITY (e) = The ratio of Distance of the point
from the Focus to the Distance of the point from the
Directrix.
Ellipse : e < 1
Parabola: e = 1
Hyperbola: e > 1
A Focus from Directrix is 50 mm

E = 2/3
4’ VE = VF
3’ P4
2’ P3 F = Centre , 1- 1’ = Radius, cut 1-1’ at
D 1’ P2 P1
I F = Centre , 2- 2’ = Radius, cut 2-2’ at
R E P1
FP2= Centre , 3- 3’ = Radius, cut 3-3’ at
E
P3
F = Centre , 4- 4’ = Radius, cut 4-4’ at
C C
T 1 2 3 4 P4
V F AXIS
R
I
X

B
Problem:
Construct an Ellipse, with distance of the focus from the directrix as 50 and
eccentricity as 2/3. Also draw normal and tangent to the curve at a point 40 from the
directrix.
Directrix
Eccentricity method-Construction procedure
1. Draw the axis AB and directrix CD at right angle to each other.

2. Mark focus F1 on the axis such that AF1=50

3. Divide AF1 into 5 equal parts.

4. Locate the vortex V on the third division from point A.

5. Draw a line VE perpendicular to AB such that VE=Vf1

6. Join A,E and extend. By construction VE/VA = VF/VA=2/3 the


eccentricity.

7. Mark a number of points 1,2,3 …. To the right of V on the axis


which need not be equidistant.
110
8. Through the points 1,2,3… draw lines perpendicular to the
axis and to meet the line AE extended at 1’ , 2’ , 3’ etc.

9. With centre F1 and radius 1-1’ draw arcs intersecting the


line through 1 at P1 and P1’. P1 and p1’ are the points on
the ellipse, because the distance of P1 from f1 is 1-1’ and
from CD, it is A-1 and 1-1’/A-1 =VE/VA=2/3 the eccentricity.

10. Similarly locate the points P2,P2’: P3,P3’etc., on either side


of the axis.

11. Join the points by a smooth curve, forming the required


ellipse.
C

P2
P2

P1
P1
½ AB
B1
A1

A B
O
F1 1 2 3 B1 F2
A1

P1
P1

P2
P2

D
Problem:
The major and minor axes of an Ellipse are 120 and 80. Draw an Ellipse.

PF1 + PF2=AB=Major axis


F1, F2 centers; A1,B1 radius. CF1= CF2=½ AB=AO or
CF1 + CF2= AB

Construction of an Ellipse –Foci/Arcs of circles method


Construction Procedure
1. Draw the major and minor axes and locate the centre O.

2. With centre C or D and radius OA(=OB) draw arcs intersecting the major axis
at F1 and F2 the foci.

3. Mark a number of points 1,2,3 etc., between F1 and O which need not be
equidistant.

4. With centers F1 and F2 and radii A-1 and B-1 respectively, draw arcs
intersecting at points P1 and P1’.

5. With centers F1 and F2 and radii B-1 and A-1 respectively, draw arcs
intersecting at points Q1 and Q1’.

6. Repeat the steps 4 and 5 with the remaining points 2,3,4 etc., and obtain
additional points on the curve.

7. Join all the points we get ellipse.


114
C

P1 P3

A B
O

P2 P4

D
Problem:
The major and minor axes of an Ellipse are 120 and 80. Draw an Ellipse.

Construction of Ellipse-Concentric circles method


Construction procedure
1.Draw the major and minor axes and locate the centre O.

2.With centre O and major and minor axes as diameters draw


two concentric circles.

3.Divide both the circles into the same number of parts say 12
by radial lines.

4.Considering radial line O-1’-1 draw a horizontal line from 1’


and vertical line from 1 intersecting at P1.

5.Repeat the construction through all the points and obtain


P2,P3, etc.,

6. Join all the points we get ellipse.


117
C
P4 01 P
4’ 5
02 P
P3
3’ 6
P22 P7
03
2’
P1 P8
1’ 04
1 2 3 4
A B
O
P12

D
Problem:
The major and minor axes of an Ellipse are 120 and 80. Draw an Ellipse.
Construction Procedure-Oblong method
1.Draw the major and minor axes and locate the centre O.

2.Draw the rectangle KLMN passing through D,B,C and A.

3.Divide AO and AN into the same equal number of points.

4.Join C with the points 1’,2’, and 3’.

5.Join D with 1,2 and 3 and extend till they meet the above lines C-1’, C-2’
and C-3’ respectively. At points P1 ,P2 and P3.

6.Repeat the steps 3 to 5 and obtain the points in the remaining quadrants.

7.Join all the points we get ellipse.

120
Problem:
A parallelogram has sides 100 and 80,at an angle of 700 . Inscribe an Ellipse in the
parallelogram. Find the major and minor axes of the curve.
AB and CD are conjugate axes or conjugate diameters

Conjugate axes are two lines intersecting each other at the centre of an ellipse
when they are parallel to the tangents drawn at their extremities.

An ellipse may have unlimited number of pairs of conjugate axes.

Problem1. Construct an ellipse when the major axis is 120 and the distance between
the foci is 108. Determine the length of the minor axis.

OF1=OF2= AB/2= 108/2=56


OA as radius, F1 or F2 as centers, draw arc to cut the ellipse, which is minor axis.
Construction Procedure
• 1.Draw the parallelogram KLMN of given sides and inclined
two axes EF and GH are called the conjugate axes (diameters).

• 2.Divide EO and EN into the same number of equal parts and


number the division points.

• 3.Join G with 1’,2’ and 3’.

• 4.Join H with 1,2,3 and extend till these meet the lines G1’,G2’
and G3’ at P1,P2 and P3 respectively.

• 5.Repeat the steps 2 to 4 and obtain the points in the


remaining quadrants.
123
Problem:
The major and minor axes of an Ellipse are 120 and 80. Draw an Ellipse.
Construction Procedure
• 1.Draw the major and minor axes and locate the center O.
• 2.With center O and radius OA draw the arc AE.
• 3.With center C and radius CE, draw an arc meeting the line
AC at F.
• 4.Draw perpendicular bisector of AF , meeting AB at K and CD
extended at G.
• 5.Locate point L on AB such that OL=OK and H on DC
extended such that HC=GD.
• 6.With G and H as centers and radius CG draw two arcs.
• 7.With K and l as centers and radius KA draw two arcs.
• The four arcs meet tangentially will form the required Ellipse.
Problem:
Two conjugate diameters EF and GH of an Ellipse are 75 and 50 long, with an included
angle of 600 between the two. Draw an Ellipse , passing through the points E,G,F and
H.
Construction Procedure
1. Draw the conjugate diameters EF and GH, at the given included angle and bisecting angle
at O.

2. with center O and diameter EF, draw a circle and divide it into any number of equal parts
,say 160.

3. Draw the lines perpendicular to EF and passing through the above division points
meeting at 1’ , 2’ , 3’ , etc.,

4. Join 4,G.

5. Through 1,2,3, etc., draw a lines parallel to the 4-G.

6. Through 1’ , 2’ , 3’ etc., draw parallel lines to the GH intersecting the above lines at
P1,P2,P3 etc.,

Draw a smooth curve joining points E,P1,p2,P3,etc., is the required Ellipse.


CONSTRUCTION OF PARABOLA
BY
DIFFERENT METHODS
Problem:
Construct a Parabola , with the distance of the focus from the directrix as 50. Also
draw normal and Tangent to the Curve, at a point 40 from the directrix.
Construction Procedure

1. Draw the axis AB and the directrix CD at right angles to each other.
2. Mark the focus F on the axis such that AF=50.
3. Locate vortex V on AB such that AV=VF=25.
4. Draw a line VE , perpendicular to AB such that VE=VF.
5. Join A,E and extend. By construction VE/VA = VF/VA = 1.
6. Locate a number of points 1,2,3,etc., to the right of V on the axis, which need not be
equidistant.
7. Through the points 1,2,3, etc., draw lines perpendicular to the axis and to meet the
line AE extended at 1’ , 2’ , 3’, etc.
8. With center F and radius 1-1’ draw arcs intersecting the line through 1 at P1 and p1’.
These p1 and p1’ are the points on the Parabola because the distance of p1 (p1’)
from F is 1-1’ and from CD it is A-1 and 1-1’/A-1 = VE/VA = VF/VA = 1.
9. Similarly locate the points P2,P2’ : P3,P3’: etc., on either side of the axis.
10. Join the points by a smooth curve , forming the required parabola.
Construction Procedure –Tangent and Normal
1.Locate the point M which is at 40 from the directrix.

2.Join M to F .

3.Draw a line through F perpendicular to MF meeting the directrix at T.

4.Join T and M and extend ,T-T is the tangent to the Parabola.

5.Draw a line perpendicular to tangent T-T name as N-N is the normal to the
Parabola.
Problem:
Construct a parabola ,with the length of base as 60 and axis 30 long. Also ,
draw a tangent to the curve at a point 25 from the base.
E D F
P2 P3

2
P1 P4

A C B
1’ 2’
O

6 1’

5 2’

4 3’

F
3 4’

2 5’

1 6’

A E B
Construction Procedure
1. Draw the base AB=60 and the axis CD=30 such that CD is perpendicular
bisector to AB.

2. Produce CD to E such that DE=CD.

3. Join E ,A and E,B. These are the tangents to the Parabola at A and B.

4. Divide AE and BE into the same number of equal parts and number the points.

5. Join 1-1’ , 2-2’ , 3-3’, etc., forming the tangents to the required parabola.

A smooth curve passing through A,D and B and tangential to the above line is the
required Parabola.
Construction Procedure –Tangent and Normal
1. Locate the point M which is 25 from the base.

2. Draw a horizontal line through M meeting the axis at F.

3. Mark G on the extension of the axis such that DG=FD.

4. Join G and M and extend ,forming the tangent to the Parabola


at M.
Problem:
Construct a parabola with the base 60 and length of the axis 40. Draw a tangent to the
curve at a point 20 from the base. Also, locate the focus and directrix to the Parabola.
Construction Procedure
1. Draw the base AB=60 and the axis CD=40 such that CD is perpendicular
bisector to AB.

2. Construct the rectangle ABKL passing through D.

3. Divide AC and AL into the same number of equal parts and number the points.

4. Join 1,2,3 to D.

5. Through 1’,2’,3’ draw lines parallel to axis intersecting the lines


1-D ,2-D,3-D at P1,P2 and P3 respectively.

6. Parabola is symmetric so draw the remaining half portion.

Join all the points we get Parabola


Problem:
Construct a Parabola in a parallelogram of sides 100 and 60, and with an
included angle of 750 .
Construction Procedure
1. Draw the base AB=60 and the axis CD=40 such that CD is perpendicular bisector to AB.

2. Construct the rectangle ABKL passing through D.

3. Divide AC and AL into the same number of equal parts and number the points.

4. Join 1,2,3 to D.

5. Through 1’,2’,3’ draw lines parallel to axis intersecting the the lines 1-D ,2-D,3-D at P1,P2 and P3 respectively.
6. Parabola is symmetric so draw the remaining half portion.
Join all the points we get Parabola
CONSTRUCTION OF HYPER-PARABOLA

BY

DIFFERENT METHODS
Problem:
Construct a Hyperbola ,
with the distance
between the focus and
the directrix as 50 and
eccentricity as 3/2. Also
draw normal and
tangent to the curve at a
point 30 from the
directrix.

Construction of Hyperbola- –
Eccentricity method
Construction Procedure
1.Draw the axis AB and the directrix CD at right angle to each other.
2.Mark focus F on the axis such that AF=50.
3.Divide AF in 5 equal parts.
4.Locate the vertex V on the second division point from A.
5.Draw a line VE perpendicular to AB such that VE=VF.
6.Join A,E and extend. By construction , VE/VA = VF/VA = 3/2 ,the eccentricity.
7. Locate a number of points 1,2,3,etc., to the right of V on the axis, which need not be
equidistant.
7. Through the points 1,2,3, etc., draw lines perpendicular to the axis and to meet the
line AE extended at 1’ , 2’ , 3’, etc.
8. With center F and radius 1-1’ draw arcs intersecting the line through 1 at P1 and
p1’. These p1 and p1’ are the points on the Hyperbola.
9. Similarly locate the points P2,P2’ : P3,P3’: etc., on either side of the axis.
10. Join the points by a smooth curve , forming the required Hyperbola.
Problem:

Construct a Hyperbola
with its foci 70 apart and
the major axis 45. Draw a
tangent to the curve at a
point 20 from the focus.
Also determine the
eccentricity of the curve.
Construction Procedure
1.Draw the axis AB and locate a point O on it.

2.Locate the foci F1,F2 such that F1F2=70 and locate vertices V1,V2 such that V1V2 =45 on AB.

3.Mark a number of points 1,2,3 etc., on AB to the right of F2 which need not be equidistant .

4.With center F1 and radius v1-1 draw arcs on either side if the transverse axis.

5. With center F2 and radius v2-1 draw arcs intersecting the above arcs at P1 and P1’.

6. With center F2 and radius v1-1 draw arcs on either side if the transverse axis.

7. With center F1 and radius v2-1 draw arcs intersecting the above arcs at Q1 and Q1’.

8.Repeat the steps 4 to 7 and obtain the two branches of the hyperbola.
Construction Procedure –Tangent and Normal

1. Locate the point M which is 20 from the focus say F2.

2. Then join M to foci F1 and F2..

3.Draw a line T-T bisecting <F1MF2 forming the required


tangent.
Eccentricity calculation

Eccentricity e = OF1/OV1
= OF2/OV2
= 35/22.5

e = 1.56
Problem:
Construct a Rectangular Hyperbola ,when a point P on it is at a distance of 18 and 34 from
two asymptotes. Also draw a tangent to the curve at a point 20 from an asymptote .
Construction Procedure
1.Draw the asymptotes OA and OB at right angle to each other and locate the
given point P.

2.Draw the lines CD and EF passing through point P and parallel to OA and OB
respectively.

3.Locate a number of points 1,2,3,etc., along the line CD , which need not be
equi -distant.

4.Join 1,2,3,etc., to O and extend if necessary , till these lines meet the line EF
at points 1’ , 2’ , 3’, etc.

5.Draw lines through 1,2,3,etc.,parallel to EF and through 1’ , 2’ , 3’, etc.


parallel to CD to intersect at P1,P2,P3,etc.
Tangent to rectangular Hyperbola

1.Locate Point M on the curve by drawing a line GM parallel to OA and at a


distance of 20 from it.

2.Locate the point H on OB such that GH = OG.

3.The line HT passing through M is the required tangent to the curve.


CYCLOIDAL CURVES
Cycloidal Curves
 The curves generated by a fixed point on the circumference of the circle ,
which rolls without slipping along a fixed straight line or a circle are called
Cycloidal curves.

 The rolling circle is called generating circle.

 Fixed straight line is called directing line.

 Fixed circle is called directing circle.

 Applications:
Cycloid curves are used in Dial gauges.
Cycloid

 It is a curve generated by a point on the


circumference of the generating circle.
Types of Cycloid
1.Epi-Cycloid
2.Hypo-Cycloid
Construction of Cycloid
Q: A Circle of 40 diameter rolls along a line for one revolution clock-wise.
Draw the locus of a point on the circle which is in contact with the line . Also draw a
tangent and a normal to the curve at a point 35 from the directing line.

Cycloid
Construction procedure – Cycloid

 With center O and radius 20 draw the generating cycle.


 Locate the initial position of the generating point P on the circumference of the circle.
 Draw a line PA tangential and equal to the circumference of the circle.
 Divide the circle and the line PA into the same number of equal parts and number as shown.
 Draw the line OB parallel and equal to PA which is the locus of the center of the generating circle.
 Erect perpendiculars 1’,2’,etc., to meet the line OB at O1 , O2, etc.
 Through the points 1,2,3,etc.,draw lines parallel to PA.
 With O1 as center and radius 20, draw an arc intersecting the line through 1 at P1. P1 is the position of the point
P when the center of the circle moves to the O1.
 With O2 as center and radius 20 draw an arc intersecting the line through 2 at P2.
 Similarly locate the points P3,p4,etc.
 A smooth curve passing through these points is the required cycloid.
Epi-Cycloid
Epi-Cycloid

It is a curve traced by a point on the


circumference of a circle, which rolls without
slipping on another circle (directing circle)
outside it.
Construction of Epi-Cycloid
Q:Draw an epi-cycloiod of a circle of 40 diameter, which rolls outside on another circle
of 150 diameter for one revolution clock-wise. Draw a tangent and normal to it at a
point 95 from the center of the directing circle.
Construction procedure – Epi-Cycloid

1.Draw a part of the directing circle with O’ as center and radius 75.

2.Draw any radial line O’P and extend it.

3.Locate the point O on the above line such that OP=20,the radius of the generating circle .

4.With O as center and radius 20,draw the generating circle.


5.Locate the point A on the directing circle such that , the arc length PA is equal to the circumference of the
generating circle.

The point A is obtained setting <PO’A = 3600 X 20/75 = 960 .


6.With center O’ and radius O’O draw an arc intersecting the line O’A produced at B. The arc OB is the locus of
the center of the generating circle.
7.Divide the generating circle and the arc PA into the same number of equal parts and number as shown.

8.Join O’-1’ , O’-2’,etc.

9.Through the points 1,2,3,etc., on the generating circle ,draw arcs with O’ as center.

10.With center O1 and radius 20 draw an arc intersecting the arc through 1 at P1.

11. In similar manner obtain points P2,P3,etc.

A smooth curve through these points is the required Epi-Cycloid.


Tangent and Normal to the Epi-cycloid

 Locate the point M on the curve which is at 95 from the center of the

directing circle.

 With M as center and radius 20 draw an arc intersecting the locus of the

generating circle at C.

 Join C to O’ intersecting the circle at N

 The line joining N to M is the required normal and a line T-T

perpendicular to it and passing through M is the required tangent.


Hypo-Cycloid
Hypocycloid

It is a curve traced by a point on the


circumference of a generating circle which
rolls without slipping on another circle
(directing circle) inside it.
Draw a hypo-cycloid of a circle of 40 diameter which rolls inside another circle of 160
diameter, from one revolution counter clock wise .Draw a tangent and normal to it at a
point 65 from the center of the directing circle.
Construction procedure – Hypo-Cycloid

1.Draw a part of the directing circle with O’ as center and radius 80.

2.Draw any radial line O’P and extend it.

3.Locate the point O on the above line such that OP=20,the radius of the generating circle .

4.With O as center and radius 20,draw the generating circle.


5.Locate the point A on the directing circle such that , the arc length PA is equal to the circumference of the
generating circle.

The point A is obtained setting <PO’A = 3600 X 20/75 = 960 .


6.With center O’ and radius O’O draw an arc intersecting the line O’A produced at B. The arc OB is the locus of
the center of the generating circle.
7.Divide the generating circle and the arc PA into the same number of equal parts and number as shown.

8.Join O’-1’ , O’-2’,etc.

9.Through the points 1,2,3,etc., on the generating circle ,draw arcs with O’ as center.

10.With center O1 and radius 20 draw an arc intersecting the arc through 1 at P1.

11. In similar manner obtain points P2,P3,etc.

A smooth curve through these points is the required Hypo-Cycloid.


INVOLUTE
Involute is a curve traced by a point, on a
perfectly flexible thread, while unwinding
from a circle or a polygon. The thread being
kept tight.
Q: Draw the involute of an equilateral triangle of side 20.
1.Draw the given triangle ABC of side 20.
2.Assuming A as the starting point; with B as centre and radius
BA(=20), draw an arc intersecting the line CB extended at P1.
3.With centre C and radius CP1 (=2 x 20), draw an arc
intersecting the line AC extended at P2.
4.With centre A and radius AP2 (= 3 x 20), draw an arc
intersecting the line BA produced at P3.
5.The curve through A, P1­,P2,P3 is the required involute.
Q: Draw the involute of a regular hexagon of side 20.Draw a tangent and a normal to
the curve at a distance of 100 from the center of the hexagon.
1.Draw the hexagon ABCDEF of side 20 and locate its centre O.
Assuming that the thread is unwound from A in the clock-wise
direction, the starting point for the involute is A.
2.With centre B and radius BA (=20), draw an arc intersecting
the line CB extended at P1.
3.With centre C and radius CP1(=2 x 20), draw an arc intersecting
the line DC extended at P2.
4.In a similar way, obtain the other points P3, P4, etc.
5.A smooth curve through the above points is the required
involute.
Q: Draw the involute of a circle of 40 diameter. Also draw a tangent and
normal to the curve at a point 95 from the center of the circle.
1.With centre O and diameter 40, draw the given circle.
2.Assuming P as the starting point, draw a line PA, tangent to the circle and equal to the
circumference of the circle.
3.Divide the circle and the line PA into the same number of equal parts and number as
shown.
4.Draw a tangent to the circle at the point 1 and locate on it P 1 such that 1P1 = P1’.
5.Draw a tangent to the circle at point 2 and locate on it P2 such that 2P2 = P2’.
6.Locate other points P3, P4, etc., in a similar way.
7.A smooth curve through these points is the required involute.
8.From the construction, it is obvious that a tangent to the circle is normal to the involute
to draw the tangent and normal.
 9.Locate the point M on the curve, which is at 95 from the centre of the circle
10.Join M, O and locate its mid-point O1.
11.With centre O1 and radius O1 M, draw a semi-circle intersecting the given circle at N.
12.Join N, M forming the normal to the curve and a line T-T, perpendicular to NM at M is
the tangent to the curve.
Q: A thread of length 165 is wound round a circle 40 diameter. Trace the path
of end point of the thread.
1. With centre O and radius 20, draw the given circle.

2.From point A on the circle, draw a line AP, tangential to the circle
and equal to 165, the length of the thread.

3.Divide the circle into 12 equal parts and mark the chord lengths
along the line AP.

4.Draw tangents to the circle at points 1,2, etc.,

5.along the tangent through 1, mark P1 such that 1P1 = P1’.

6.along the tangent through 2, mark P2 such that 2P2 = P2’.

7.In similar way, locate the points P3­, P4 , etc.,

A smooth curve through these points is the required path.


Q: A line AC of 150 long, is tangential to a circle of diameter 60. Trace the
paths of A and C, when the line AC rolls on the circle without slipping.
1.Draw a circle of diameter AB (=60).

2.Draw the tangent AC to the circle at A, of length 150.

3.Divide the circle into a number of equal parts, say 12 and number as shown.

4.Mark 1’,2’,3’, etc., on AC such that A-1’ = 1’-2’=2’-3’, etc., = 1/12th


circumference of the circle.

5.When the line AC rolls on the circle and 1’ coincides with 1, locate the
positions of A and C, such that 1-A1 = A-1’ and 1-C1 = 1’C.

6.Similarly, locate the end points for different positions of the line, as it rolls on
the circle.

7.Join A,A1,A2,A3., etc., and C,C1,C2,C3, etc., representing the paths of A and C.
Q: A disc in the form of a square of 35 side, is surmounted by semi-circles on
the two opposite sides. Draw the path of the end of the string, unwound
from the circumference of the disc.
1.Draw the square PQRS of side 35, surmounted by two semi-circles on the two
opposite sides.

2.Divide the semi-circles into six equal parts and number as shown.

3.Extend (QP to P’ such that, PP’= 2 x 35 + π x 35 mark the division points as


shown.

4.Draw tangents to the semi-circles at 1,2 -----R, 7,8 ------------11.

5.Assuming that the string is unwound from P, locate P1 along the tangent at 1
such that 1P1 = P1’.

6.Locate P2 along the tangent at 2 such that 2P2 = P2’ and so on.

7.Join the points; P, P1, P2 etc., by a smooth curve forming the path of the end of
the string.
When a plane passes through a cone we get different types of
curves. Some curves are obtained as intersections and some are
obtained by tracing the locus of a point moving according to the
mathematical relationship, applicable to that particular curve.

Conic
sections:

1.Ellipse
2.Circle
3.Parabola
4.Hyperbola
Sections of Cone Sections of
Double Cone
TERMS USED
α= Section plane angle
with axis of cone

Ѳ=Half cone angle with


axis of cone
. FOCUS:
It is fixed point VERTEX:
The point at which
the conic section
intersects the axis is
called Vertex

DIRECTRIX: Locus: The Path of a


It is fixed straight point.
line.

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