Basic of vibration and shock

Sr.no Topic
1 Material structural properties
2 Material composition (steel and aluminium)
3 Basic of vibration
4 Fundamentals used in vibration testing
5 Sensors and equipment used in Vibration testing
6 Military standards
 Material structural properties
•Stress:
 
• It is the internal resistance offer by material against the externally applied load
• Stress is usually consider the geometrical property of the material E.g. length,
thickness, diameter etc.
• Stress notation
• Unit: (N/) or Pa Generally industrial Unit (N/) or MPa
Strain :
• Its is the resistance offer by material against the deformation due to external load.
• Strain take into account material properties like Grain orientation, toughness etc
• Strain notation
• Unit: (mm/mm) or (unit less)
•Relation
  between stress and strain is given by Hook’s laws
• Hook’s law “Within the elastic limit of material Stress is directly proportion to the
strain”
• Stress α strain

• α
• =E
• E= Young's modulus

A stress–strain curve typical Stress–strain curve for brittle

of structural steel materials
Important material properties
• Ultimate tensile strength (UTS):
• Ultimate tensile strength often shortened to tensile strength (TS), ultimate strength, within
equations is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate.
• It is the maximum stress the material can handle beyond which material will definitely fail.
• Yield strength :
• Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material
begins to deform
• It is the maximum stress material can sustain without undergoing the permanent deformation.
Linear thermal expansion coefficient (α):
• Linear thermal expansion is a material property that is indicative of the extent to which a
material expands upon heating
Note:
• For ductile material like steel alloys and aluminium, Design tensile strength is yield strength.
• For brittle material like cast iron, Design tensile strength is Ultimate tensile strength.
Type of loading
• Static: Total load remains constant over a period of time
• Gradual loading : load is increased slowly overtime on structure, It is less destructive.
• Sudden loading: load which is applied suddenly or Dropped from small distance,
Total deformation is twice the deformation due to static loading.
• Impact loading: large amount of load is applied in short period time (in millisecond).
Or load is dropped from certain height. Impact load is destructive in nature and it
should be avoided.
• Fatigue loading or fluctuating loading: load flows the cyclic variation, fatigue loading
causes the fatigue stress with is major cause of failure around the world.
Failure/Fracture

• Ductile material is said to be failed if the

stress introduced in the material goes
beyond the yield strength of the
material.
• Mode of failure in ductile is Cup-and-
cone type (gradual moment of material)
• In brittle material generally fails when
stress in the material goes beyond the
ultimate strength of material.
• Mode of failure in brittle material is
Sudden failure.
Grain Orientation
• The fracture toughness of a material commonly
varies with grain direction. Therefore, it is customary
to specify specimen and crack orientations by an
ordered pair of grain direction symbols.
• Generally it is easier to deform material by shearing
and twisting than but direct tensile loading.
• Both shearing and twisting is governed by shear
modulus of rigidity (G).
Higher value of I
Note:
• While designing the member, if the member is going
under bending moment then higher Second
moment of inertia(I) must taken.

lower value of I
Bimetallic (galvanic) corrosion risks from
contact with galvanized steel or aluminium
• Bimetallic corrosion can only occur when two dissimilar
metals are in 'electrical' contact. ANODIC (Least Noble)
Magnesium
• All metals have some kind of electrical potential. The
Zinc
“Galvanic Series of Metals and Alloys” chart provides a Aluminium
realistic and practical ranking of metallic electrical Carbon steel or cast iron
potentials. Copper alloys (brass, bronze )
• The alloys near the bottom are cathodic and unreactive Lead
STAINLESS STEEL
• Those at the top are most anodic and reactive Nickel alloys
Titanium
Graphite
CATHODIC (Most Noble)
Vibration:
“Oscillatory motion of a body is known as vibration”
Classification of vibration:
• (1) Natural vibration: If a system is disturbed from its initial equilibrium position and
the reason of disturbance is removed. The oscillation of system is called as free or
natural vibration.
• (2)Forced vibration: In this reason behind the motion will be present continuously.
• External vibration
• Due to unbalance mass(in case of rotation)
Based on direction of motion:
• Longitudinal Vibration:
• Transverse vibration:
• Torsional Vibration:
• On the basic Degree of freedom (DOF)

Single DOF Multi DOF Random vibration

Damping:

The ability of the system due to which it will resist the motion.
Vibration motion equation
•   Free vibration undamped
(1)
(2) Free vibration damped
(3) Forced damped vibration
Amplitude F= Amplitude of force

W= Frequency of external force

= Natural frequency of system
Vibration isolation and Transmissibility
•  
Purpose of isolation:
• To protect the machine from excessive vibration transmitted to it by its
supporting structure.
• To prevent vibratory forces generated by machine from transmitted to the
supporting structure.
• The effectiveness of isolation is measured in terms of forces or motion
transmitted to the existence and know as force Transmissibility or motion
transmissibility.
Transmissibility
Transmissibility graph

Vibration
isolation zone
Vibration testing
Vibration testing is the input of vibration excitation into a test specimen by means of a
mechanical or Electrodynamics shaker.
Vibration testing is used for many reason including: To provide an understanding of how a
product react to vibration input at various frequency.

Fundamentals used in vibration testing:

• G/g: One G/g is equal to the acceleration produced by earth’s gravity and is equal to
386.1 inches/sec^2 or 9.81 m/sec^2.
• Seismic vibration: It involves high amplitude and low acceleration vibration.
• Blastic shock: high level shock is generally from impact of projectiles ,
frequency range (up to 10000Hz) time(10-20sec).
• Octave: The interval between one and another differing by 2:1 (e.g. 20 40, 40 80).
• Period: Time to complete 1 cycle. Unit: seconds, Period is the reciprocal of the
frequency.
• Resonance: A frequency at which an amplitude magnification occur in the
device.
• Sweep and sweep cycle: A sweep is defined as a transverse from one
frequency to another. A sweep cycle varies from one frequency to another
and the back to starting frequency. E.g. from 5 to 500 Hz then transverse back
to 5 Hz.
• Sweep rate: The rate at which the frequency is transferred. Unit –
Octave/minute or Hz/minute.
• Decibel: It is a unit of measurement which is a logarithmic relationship
between two values. It calculate the change is level from 0db arbitrary
reference level.
Power spectral density: Random vibration spectra (as in test specifications) usually show
intensity as power spectral density (PSD), auto-spectral density, or acceleration spectral
density (ASD) in rather strange units of g2/Hz vs. frequency in Hz.

Grm :The root mean square acceleration (Grms) is the square root of the area under the ASD
curve in the frequency domain. The Grms value is typically used to express the overall
energy of a particular random vibration event and is a statistical value used in mechanical
engineering for structural design and analysis purposes.
Power spectral density:
• PSD, also called acceleration spectral density (ASD), is widely used in random
vibration testing applications and is intended primarily as a tool for cancelling out the
effect bandwidth of a frequency spectrum. PSD is a unit of measure, described in
terms of energy per "filter", used to identify and denote energy strength deviations.
• Let us assume that by selecting the resolution of a random vibration system, we find
that we have a bandwidth choice of 160 Hz, 40 Hz and 10 Hz. We are going to take
data from 20 to 2000 Hz. The random vibration controller is now set for 10 Hz
resolution and a sine test signal of 1 grms is applied at 1000 Hz. Next, the resolution
is changed to 40 Hz, but our reading at 1000 Hz now reads 2 grms! 
• So in order to normalized the random vibration data PSD concept is used to get
independent parameter which can represent the overall strength of random
vibration. Generally this value is obtained using the RMS (root mean square).
Testing equipment
• Accelerometer sensor: Generally Two types of accelerometer is used:
(1) Voltage type (2) Charge type

• Vibration controller(Computer or control system ): It is the control system

which logs signal input and output.

• Amplifier: To amplify signals

• Shaker/Vibration Table: The equipment , with or without isolator is fastened

to vibration table, either directly or by means of mounting fixtures .
Test procedure according to JSS 55555:2000
1. Mounting:
The equipment, with or without isolator, shall be fastened to the vibration table, either
directly or by means of mounting fixtures, by its normal means of attachments or as
otherwise stated in the relevant equipment specification. The use of any additional
stays or straps in the relevant equipment specification.
2.Control:
The test is controlled by measurements made at reference point and control points
related to the fixing points of the equipment.
3.Fixing Point:
A fixing point is part of the equipment in contact with the fixture or vibration table at a
point where the equipment is normally fastened in service. If a part of real mounting
structure is used as the fixture, the fixing point shall be taken as those of mounting
structure and not of the equipment.
4.Control Point:
A control point is normally a fixing point. It shall be as close as possible to the fixing
point and in any case shall be rigidly connected to the fixing point. If four or less fixing
points exist, each shall be used as a control point. If more than four fixing points exist,
four representative points shall be selected and specified for use as control points.
5.Initial Measurements:
The equipment shall be visually examined and shall be electrically and mechanically
checked as specified.
6.Conditioning :
• Initial Resonance Search: The equipment is vibrated (sinusoidal motion) over the
complete frequency range specified. It is checked functionally and examined for any
frequency dependent effects, such as mechanical resonances and malfunctioning.
These vibration characteristics, their frequencies and the levels at which they occur
are noted.
• Functional: The equipment is vibrated (sinusoidal motion) over the complete
frequency range, specified and operated throughout this test.
• Endurance: One of the following methods, as specified, shall be employed:
a) Sinusoid with frequency sweep
b) Sinusoid at fixed frequencies
c) Wide band random motion
d) Narrow band random motion

• Final Resonance Search:

After the endurance stage, the specimen is re-tested functionally and re-examined
for vibration characteristic as in initial resonance search. The frequency for each effect,
determined in initial and later in the final resonance search is compared. The relevant
equipment specification may state the action to be taken if any change of frequency
occurs.
SEVERITIES
•Sinusoidal
  Vibration :
A vibration severity is given by the combination of frequency range, vibration
amplitude and endurance duration.
The vibration amplitudes are specified in terms of constant displacement or constant
velocity or constant acceleration. The term `amplitude' is used in the wider sense of
peak value of an oscillating quantity. Each value of displacement amplitude is
associated with corresponding value of velocity or acceleration amplitude, the
relationship is as follows :
Acceleration (m/) =
Velocity (m/s) =
Where f is frequency in Hz.