Chapter 1 (Part 1) : Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach

Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 43

Chapter 1 (Part 1)

Introduction

A note on the use of these Powerpoint slides:


We’re making these slides freely available to all (faculty, students, readers).
They’re in PowerPoint form so you see the animations; and can add, modify,
and delete slides (including this one) and slide content to suit your needs.
They obviously represent a lot of work on our part. In return for use, we only
ask the following: Computer
Networking: A Top
 If you use these slides (e.g., in a class) that you mention their source
(after all, we’d like people to use our book!)
 If you post any slides on a www site, that you note that they are adapted
from (or perhaps identical to) our slides, and note our copyright of this
material.
Down Approach
Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR 7th edition
Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
All material copyright 1996-2016
J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved
Pearson/Addison Wesley
April 2016
Introduction 1-1
Chapter 1: introduction
our goal: overview:
 get “ feel” and  what’s the Internet?
terminology  what’s a protocol?
 network edge; hosts, access net,
 more depth, detail physical media
later in course  network core: packet/circuit
 approach: switching, Internet structure
• use Internet as  performance: loss, delay,
throughput
example
 security
 protocol layers, service models

Introduction 1-2
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-3
What’s the Internet: “ nuts and bolts” view
PC  billions of connected computing mobile network
server devices:
wireless
• hosts = end systems global ISP
laptop • running network apps
smartphone
home
 communication links network
regional ISP
wireless
• fiber, copper, radio,
links satellite
wired
links • transmission rate:
bandwidth

 packet switches: forward


router
packets (chunks of data) institutional
• routers and switches network

Introduction 1-4
What’s the Internet: “ nuts and bolts” view
mobile network
 Internet: “ network of networks”
• Interconnected ISPs
global ISP
 protocols control sending,
receiving of messages
• e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, 802.11 home
network
 Internet standards regional ISP
• RFC: Request for comments
• IETF: Internet Engineering Task
Force

institutional
network

Introduction 1-5
What’s the Internet: a service view
mobile network
 infrastructure that provides
services to applications: global ISP

• Web, VoIP, email, games, e-


commerce, social nets, … home
 provides programming network
regional ISP
interface to apps
• hooks that allow sending and
receiving app programs to
“ connect” to Internet
• provides service options,
analogous to postal service
institutional
network

Introduction 1-6
What’s a protocol?
human protocols: network protocols:
 “ what’s the time?”  machines rather than
 “ I have a question” humans
 introductions  all communication activity
in Internet governed by
protocols
… specific messages sent
… specific actions taken
when messages protocols define format, order
received, or other events of messages sent and received
among network entities, and
actions taken on message
transmission, receipt

Introduction 1-7
What’s a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time

Q: other human protocols?


Introduction 1-8
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-9
A closer look at network structure:
 network edge: mobile network

• hosts: clients and servers


global ISP
• servers often in data centers

home
 access networks, physical network
regional ISP
media: wired, wireless
communication links

 network core:
• interconnected routers
• network of networks institutional
network

Introduction 1-10
Access networks and physical media
Q: How to connect end
systems to edge router?
 residential access nets
 institutional access
networks (school, company)
 mobile access networks
keep in mind:
 bandwidth (bits per second)
of access network?
 shared or dedicated?

Introduction 1-11
Access network: digital subscriber line (DSL)
central office telephone
network

DSL splitter
modem DSLAM

ISP
voice, data transmitted
at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer

 use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM


• data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
• voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
 < 2.5 Mbps upstream transmission rate (typically < 1 Mbps)
 < 24 Mbps downstream transmission rate (typically < 10 Mbps)
Introduction 1-12
Access network: cable network
cable headend

cable splitter
modem

C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Channels

frequency division multiplexing: different channels transmitted


in different frequency bands
Introduction 1-13
Access network: cable network
cable headend

cable splitter cable modem


modem CMTS termination system

data, TV transmitted at different


frequencies over shared cable ISP
distribution network

 HFC: hybrid fiber coax


• asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream transmission rate, 2 Mbps
upstream transmission rate
 network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router
• homes share access network to cable headend
• unlike DSL, which has dedicated access to central office
Introduction 1-14
Access network: home network
wireless
devices

to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box

cable or DSL modem

wireless access router, firewall, NAT


point (54 Mbps)
wired Ethernet (1 Gbps)

Introduction 1-15
Enterprise access networks (Ethernet)

institutional link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router

Ethernet institutional mail,


switch web servers

 typically used in companies, universities, etc.


 10 Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps transmission rates
 today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet switch

Introduction 1-16
Wireless access networks
 shared wireless access network connects end system to router
• via base station aka “ access point”

wireless LANs: wide-area wireless access


 within building (100 ft.)  provided by telco (cellular)
 IEEE 802.11b/g/n (WiFi): 11, operator, 10’s km
54, 450 Mbps transmission rate  between 1 and 10 Mbps
 3G, 4G: LTE

to Internet

to Internet

Introduction 1-17
Host: sends packets of data
host sending function:
takes application message
breaks into smaller chunks, two packets,
known as packets, of length L L bits each
bits
transmits packet into access
network at transmission rate R 2 1
• link transmission rate, R: link transmission rate
aka link capacity, aka host
link bandwidth

packet time needed to L (bits)


transmission = transmit L-bit =
delay packet into link R (bits/sec)
Introduction 1-18
Physical media
 bit: propagates between
transmitter/receiver pairs
 physical link: what lies twisted pair (TP)
between transmitter & receiver  two insulated copper wires
 guided media: • Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1
Gbps Ethernet
• signals propagate in solid • Category 6: 10Gbps
media: copper, fiber, coax
 unguided media:
• signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio

Introduction 1-19
Physical media: coax, fiber
coaxial cable: fiber optic cable:
 two concentric copper  glass fiber carrying light
conductors pulses, each pulse a bit
 bidirectional  high-speed operation:
 broadband: • high-speed point-to-point
• multiple channels on cable transmission (e.g., 10’s-100’s
Gbps transmission rate)
• HFC (Hybrid-Fiber Coaxial
cable)  low error rate:
• repeaters spaced far apart
• immune to electromagnetic noise

Introduction 1-20
Physical media: radio
 signal carried in radio link types:
electromagnetic spectrum  terrestrial microwave
 no physical “ wire” • e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels
 bidirectional  WLAN (e.g., WiFi)
 propagation environment • 54 Mbps
effects:  wide-area (e.g., cellular)
• reflection • 4G cellular: ~ 10 Mbps
• obstruction by objects  satellite
• interference • Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or
multiple smaller channels)
• 270 msec end-end delay

Introduction 1-21
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-22
The network core
 mesh of interconnected routers
 packet-switching: hosts break
application-layer messages into
packets
• forward packets from one router to
the next, across links on path from
source to destination
• each packet transmitted at full link
capacity

Introduction 1-23
Packet-switching: store-and-forward

L bits
per packet

3 2 1
source destination
R bps R bps

 takes L/R seconds to transmit one-hop numerical


(push out) L-bit packet into link at example:
R bps
 L = 7.5 Mbits
 store and forward: entire packet
must arrive at router before it can  R = 1.5 Mbps
be transmitted on next link  one-hop transmission
delay = 5 sec
 end-end delay = 2L/R (assuming
zero propagation delay) more on delay shortly …
Introduction 1-24
Packet Switching: queueing delay, loss

R = 100 Mb/s C
A
D
R = 1.5 Mb/s
B
queue of packets E
waiting for output link

queuing and loss:


 if arrival rate (in bits) to link exceeds transmission rate of link
for a period of time:
• packets will queue, wait to be transmitted on link
• packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) fills up

Introduction 1-25
Two key network-core functions
routing: determines source-
destination route taken by forwarding: move packets
packets from router’s input to
 routing algorithms appropriate router output

routing algorithm

local forwarding table


header value output link
0100 3 1
0101 2
0111 2 3 2
1001 1
1 1
01

destination address in arriving


packet’s header
Introduction 1-26
Alternative core: circuit switching
End-to-end resources allocated to,
reserved for “ call” between
source & dest:
 in diagram, each link has four circuits.
• call gets 2nd circuit in top link and
1st circuit in right link.
 dedicated resources: no sharing
• circuit-like (guaranteed)
performance
 circuit segment idle if not used by call
(no sharing)
 commonly used in traditional
telephone networks

Introduction 1-27
Circuit switching: FDM versus TDM
Example:
FDM
4 users

frequency

time
TDM

frequency

time
Introduction 1-28
Packet switching versus circuit switching

packet switching allows more users to use network!

Packet switching
 great for bursty data
• resource sharing
• simpler, no call setup
 excessive congestion possible: packet delay and loss
• protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control
 Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior?
• bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps
• still an unsolved problem (chapter 7)

Introduction 1-30
Packet switching versus circuit switching

Timing of events in (a) circuit switching, (b) packet switching

Introduction 1-31
Internet structure: network of networks
 End systems connect to Internet via access ISPs (Internet
Service Providers)
• residential, company and university ISPs
 Access ISPs in turn must be interconnected.
• so that any two hosts can send packets to each other
 Resulting network of networks is very complex
• evolution was driven by economics and national policies
 Let’s take a stepwise approach to describe current Internet
structure

Introduction 1-32
Internet structure: network of networks
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect them
together?

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net


access access
net net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net

Introduction 1-33
Internet structure: network of networks
Option: connect each access ISP to every other access ISP?

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access
net
… … net

access
access net
net

connecting each access ISP



to each other directly doesn’t


access access

net
scale: O(N2) connections. net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access

… net
access access …
net access net
net

Introduction 1-34
Internet structure: network of networks
Option: connect each access ISP to one global transit ISP?
Customer and provider ISPs have economic agreement.

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net

Global


Transit
access
access
net ISP net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net

Introduction 1-35
Internet structure: network of networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors ….

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
ISP A


access
net ISP B access
net

access
net
ISP C
access
net

access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net

Introduction 1-36
Internet structure: network of networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors …. which
must be interconnected
IXP is a meeting point where multiple ISPs can peer together

access
… access
net
access
net … Internet exchange point
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A


access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access
net
ISP C
access
net

access
net
peering link
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net

Introduction 1-37
Internet structure: network of networks
… and regional networks may arise to connect access nets to tier-1
ISPs

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A


access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access
net
ISP C
access
net

access
net regional net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net

Introduction 1-38
Internet structure: network of networks
… and content provider networks (e.g., Google, Microsoft, Akamai)
may run their own network, to bring services, content close to end users

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A


Content provider network
access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access
net
ISP C
access
net

access
net regional net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net

Introduction 1-39
Internet structure: network of networks

Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Google

IX IX IX
P P P
Regional ISP Regional ISP

access access access access access access access access


ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP

 at center: small # of well-connected large networks


• “ tier-1” commercial ISPs (e.g., Level 3, Sprint, AT&T, NTT) have
national & international coverage
• content provider network (e.g., Google): private network that connects it
data centers to Internet, often bypassing tier-1, regional ISPs Introduction 1-40
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-42
How do delay and loss occur?
packets queue in router buffers
 packet arrival rate to link (temporarily) exceeds output link
capacity
 packets queue, wait for turn
packet being transmitted (delay)

B
packets queueing (delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers

Introduction 1-43
Four sources of packet delay
transmission
A propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop

dproc: nodal processing dqueue: queueing delay


 check bit errors  time waiting at output link
 determine output link for transmission
 typically < msec  depends on congestion
level of router
Introduction 1-44
Four sources of packet delay
transmission
A propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop

dtrans: transmission delay: dprop: propagation delay:


 L: packet length (bits)  d: length of physical link
 R: link bandwidth (bps)  s: propagation speed (~2x108
 dtrans = L/R dtrans and dprop m/sec)
very different  dprop = d/s
* Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples: h ttp://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive/
* Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on trans vs. prop delay Introduction 1-45

You might also like