Analog-Digital

Converters
By: Saumya Ranjan Behura
Agend
a
 Introduction to ADC
 Types of ADC
 Characteristics of ADC in
MC9S12C
 Application and Selection of ADC
Introduction of
ADC
 What is ADC?
 Why is ADC
important?
 How does it work?
What is
ADC?
 ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) is an electronic device
that
converts a continuous analog input signal to discrete
 digital numbers (binary)
Analog
 Real world signals that contain
 noise Continuous in time
 Digit
al
 Discrete in time and value
 Binary digits that contain values 0 or
1
 Why is ADC
Important?
 All microcontrollers store information using digital logic
 Compress information to digital form for efficient
 storage Medium for storing digital data is more
 robust
 Digital data transfer is more
 efficient Digital data is easily
reproducible
Provides a link between real-world
signals and data storage
 How ADC
Works
2 Stages:
 Sampling

 Sample-Hold Circuit
 Aliasing
 Quantizing and

Encoding
 Resolution
Binary

output
 Sampli
ng
 Reduction of a continuous signal to a discrete
 signal Achieved through sampling and holding
 circuit
 Switch ON – sampling of signal (time to charge

capacitor w/ Vin)
Switch OFF - voltage stored in capacitor (hold
operation) Must hold sampled value constant for digital
conversion

Simple Sample and Hold Circuit Response of Sample and Hold Circuit
 Sampli
ng
 Sampling rate depends on
clock frequency

Use Nyquist Criterion

Increasing sampling
rate
 increases accuracy of
conversion
Possibility
Sampling of aliasing
Signal: Tw

Sampling Period: Ts  1f
s

Nyquist Criterion: fs  2  f max

 Aliasi
ng
 High and low frequency samples are
 indistinguishable Results in improper conversion of
 the input signal Usually exists when Nyquist
 Criterion is violated
 Can exist even when: fs  2  f max
Prevented through the use of Low-Pass (Anti-
aliasing) Filters
 Quantizing and
Encoding
 Approximates a continuous range of values
and replaces it with a binary number
 Error is introduced between input voltage and
output binary representation
 Error depends on the resolution of the ADC
 Resolutio
n
 Maximum valueof quantization error
 Error is reduced with moreavailable memory

Vrange=Input Voltage Range

n= # bits of ADC
resolution  Vrange /(2n 1)
Example:
Vrange  7.0V
n3 Qerror  resolution /
1V  7V /(23 2
1)  .5V

Resolution
 Resolutio

n
Increase in resolution improves the accuracy of the
conversion

Minimum voltage step recognized by ADC

Analog Signal Digitized Signal- High Digitized Signal- Low

Resolution Resolution
 Types of A/D Converters

Flash A/D Converter

Successive Approximation A/D Converter
Example of Successive Approximation
Dual Slope A/D Converter
Delta – Sigma A/D Converter
 Elements of a Flash A/D Converter

Encoder

Comparator
FLASH A/D CONVERTER

Resolution

23-1 = 7 Comparators

3 Bit Digital Output

 Flash A/D Converter Contd.

Pros Cons
•Fastest (in the •Each additional bit
order of nano of resolution
seconds) requires twice the
•Simple number of
operational comparators
theory •Expensive
•Speed is limited •Prone to produce
only by gate and glitches in the
comparator output
propagation delay
 Elements of Dual-Slope ADC

Integrator
Dual-Slope ADC

*
 Elements of the Successive Approximation ADC

Successive Approximation Register

Digital to Analog Converter

Takes in a Combination of Bits
SUCESSIVE APPROXIMATION A/D CONVERTER
 Example

Show the timing waveforms that would occur in SAR ADC when
converting an analog voltage of 6.84V to 8-bit binary, assume that
the full scale input voltage of the DAC is 10V.
Vin = 6.84 V

Vref =
10 V
 5

7.5 7.5

6.2
6.25 Cumulati
5 DAC ve DAC Vout Voltage
6.875 Input
D7 5.0000 5.0000
D6 2.5000 7.5000
6.5625
6.5625 D5 1.2500 8.7500
D4 0.6250 9.3750
6.71875 6.71875 D3 0.3125 9.6875
D2 0.15625 9.84375
6.796875
6.796875 D1 0.078125 9.921875
6.8359375
6.8359375 D0 0.0390625 9.9609375

6.84 V
 Dual Slope A/D Converter Contd.

Pros Cons
• High accuracy • Slow
•Fewer adverse •Accuracy is
affects from noise dependent on the
use of precision
external
components
Delta-Sigma ADC
 Delta-Sigma ADC contd.

#1 Delta-Sigma Modulator
 Delta-Sigma ADC contd.

#2 Digital Filter

Decimator
 Sigma-Delta A/D Converter Contd.

Pros Cons
•High Resolution •Slow due to over
•No need of sampling
precision •Good for low
components bandwidth
 ADC Comparison

Type Speed(relative) Cost(Relative)

Dual Slope Slow Med

Flash Very fast High

Successive approx Medium fast Low

Sigma-Delta Slow Low

ATD10B8C on
MC9S12C32
 Presented
by:
 Michael

Hochman
MC9S12C32 Block
Diagram
ATD10B8C Block
Diagram
ATD10B8C Key
Features
Resolutio
n
 8/10 bit (manually
 chosen)
Conversion
Time
 7 usec, 10
 bit
Successive Approximation ADC
 architecture 8-channel multiplexed inputs
 External trigger control
 Conversion modes
 Single or continuous
 sampling Single or multiple
channels
ATD10B8C External
Pins
 12 external
pins
 AN7 / ETRIG / PAD7
 Analog input channel 7
 External trigger for ADC
 General purpose digital
I/O
 AN6/PAD6 – AN0/PAD0
 Analog input
 General purpose digital
I/O
 VRH, VRL
 High and low reference voltages for

ADC
 VDDA, VSSA
 Power supplies for analog
circuitry
ATD10B8C
Registers
 6 Control Registers ($0080 -
$0085)
 Configure general ADC
operation
 2 Status Registers ($0086,
$008B)
 General status information regarding
ADC
 2 Test Registers ($0088 -
$0089)
 Allows for analog conversion of internal
states
 16 Conversion Result Registers ($0090 -
$009F)
 Formatted results (2
bytes)
 1 Digital Input Enable Register
($008D)
 Convert channels to digital
inputs
 1 Digital Port Data Register ($008F)
 Contains logic levels of digital input
pins
Control Register
2
Control Register
3
Control Register
4
Control Register
5
Single Channel
Conversions
Multi-channel
Conversions
Status Register
0
Status Register
1
Results
Registers
ATD Input Enable
Register
Port Data
Register
Setting up the
ADC
Applications For
ADC
 What are some applications for Analog
to Digital Converters?
 Measurements / Data
 Acquisition Control Systems
 PLCs (Programmable Logic
 Controllers) Sensor integration
 (Robotics)
 Cell Phones
 Video Devices
Audio
Devices
Measurements / Data
Acquisition
NI X-Series Data
What is Data Acquisition
Acquisition
 The sampling of the Card
real world to
generate data that
can be manipulated
by a computer
 (DSP) Digital Signal
Processing first
requires a digital
 signal
Eg. Analysis of data
from weather
balloons by the
National Weather
 Control
Systems e*(∆t u*(∆t
e e ) )

001

100
101
010

001

001

101
* Controller

1
1

0
t t ∆ ∆
t t
e*(∆t u*(∆t
) Digit )
R + e S/H D/A u Y
& al & Plant
- AD CPU Hol
C Co ntro lle d
r

Clock

Digital Control
System
Transdu
ce r
The Old Way…. Analog
Computers

Comdyna
GP6
 The New
Way e*(∆t u*(∆t
e e ) )

001

100
101
010

001

001

101
* Controller

1
1

0
t t ∆ ∆
t t

Analo
Analo
g
g
D/A Output
Input ADC
Programmable
Logic Controllers
ADC in PLCs Rockwel PLC
 PLCs are the industry Analog I/O
standard for automation tasks Module
including:
 Motion Control
 Safety
 Systems
designed
for:
 multiple inputs and
arrangements
output
 extended temperature ranges
 immunity to electrical noise
 resistance to vibration and
 impact
Most I/O are Boolean,
however most PLC systems
have an analog I/O module
Sensor Integration
(Robotics)
 Many robots
use
microprocessor
s
 ADC allows
robots to
interpret environmental
cues and
compensate
 If the algorithm needs
to be changed it’s a
simple matter of
modifying the
code

Cell
Phones
Why Digital?
 Digital signals can be
easily manipulated
 Digital phones convert your
voice
into binary information and
 then compress it
This compression allows
between
a
three le analog
s ingand call.calls
10 digital
 Thetoanalog-to-digital
occupy the space and of
digital-
to-analog conversion chips
translate the outgoing audio
signal from analog to digital
and
the incoming signal from
digital back to analog
Audio
Devices
Examples ADC From Sound Card
 ADCs are integral to
current music reproduction
technology
 They sample audio
streams and store the
digital data on media
like compact disks
 The current crop of AD
converters utilized in
music can sample at rates
192
up to
 kilohertz
Sound Cards
Video
Devices
TV Tuners
 Analog video and
audio
signals are converted to
digital signals for
 display to user
Slingbox converts
analog input stream
and rebroadcasts it
across the internet
 in digital form to
CCDs use
ADCs process at
image d a
Selection of an
ADC
 Important
Considerations:
 Input Type – Differential or Single Ended
 Resolution - Most Important
 Scaling - allows the user to divide or multiply the input
voltage to more closely match the full scale range of
the ADC
 Sample Rate - The sample rate must be at least twice
the frequency the you are measuring, but 5 times is
much better
 Channel Scan Rate - The channel scan rate is the
maximum rate that the ADC can select a new channel
and make a measurement. many ADCs have a relatively
slow scan rate (when compared to the sample rate.)
 Eg. To achieve a sample rate of 600Hz on three channels,
you will need a channel scan rate of at least 1.8kHz
Example: Selecting an
ADC
 We want to digitize a vibration signal
measured by an accelerometer with
the following characteristics (PCB
301A10):
 Sensitivity: (±2.0%) 100 mV/g

 Measurement Range: ±50 g pk

 Frequency Range: (±5%) 0.5 to 10000

 Hz a satisfactory Analog to
Select
Digital Converter….
Example
Continued
 Desired
Signal:
 Sensitivity: (±2.0%) 100 mV/g
 Measurement Range: ±50 g pk
Solution
 Frequency Range: (±5%) 0.5 to 10000
Hz Vrange
Resolution
10
 resolution  ln( 1)
0.1
2 n 1 n  ln(2)  6.66 bit  8bit

 :Minimum Sampling Frefq s

fs min  5*10000Hz
 :  2 * Sampling
Ideal
m in f max  50000Hz
f  5* f s min max
Freq:
Choosing
AD7892
From Analog Devices:
 The AD7892 is a high speed,
low power, 12-bit A/D
converter that
operates from a single +5 V
µs The part
successive
supply. contains a
approximation
1.47 an on-chip track/hold
ADC,
amplifier, an internal +2.5 V
reference and on-chip
versatile
interface structures that allow
both serial and parallel
connection to a
microprocessor.
The part accepts an analog
input
range of ±10 V or ±5 V.
Overvoltage protection on the
analog inputs for the AD7892-
1 and AD7892-3 allows the
input
voltage to go to ±17 V or ±7 V
respectively without
Reference
s
 Cetinkunt, Sabri. Mechatronics 2007
 www.me.gatech.edu/mechatronics_course

en.wikipedia.org/

www.engineer.tamuk.edu/

www.scm.tees.ac.uk



Bishop, Ron. Basic Microprocessors and the

6800 MC912SC Family Data Sheet
MC912SC Reference Manual

MC912SC Programming Reference Guide
THANK YOU