Unit 1-Chapter 2 Notes

Chapter 1 summary:
-Species diversity
-Viability
-Diversity of habitats
-phylogeny and modern taxonomy
-dichotomous keys
- Domains and kingdoms
CHAPTER 2 : The Prokaryotes, Viruses
and Protists
Learning goals:
-To be able to list characteristics of Domain

Eubacteria and Archaea
-To be able to label a diagram of a bacteria
-To be able to identify the three modes of bacterial

reproduction
2.1 THE PROKARYOTES: EUBACTERIA AND
ARCHAEA
• Domain Eubacteria- commonly called bacteria

• Domain Archaea- commonly called prokaryotes
• Single celled
• Lack membrane bound organelles
• Smallest and most important
IMPORTANCE OF PROKARYOTES
• most common prokaryotes are bacteria

• Infectious bacteria are known as pathogens
• Cholera, leprosy, salmonella poisoning and tuberculosis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WsZS4RCWpcE
https://youtu.be/UKV8Zn7x0w
M
GOOD BACTERIA
• Bacteria and some archaea play key roles in ecosystems

• Decomposers, producers, intestines in animals
• The type of relationship between two species that are interdependent, where
each benefits from the other is known as mutualism
• Commercial uses such as cheese, yogurt and chocolate!
• Antibiotics
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
• Group of prokaryotes
• play key roles in many ecosystems
• Live in extreme environments
• No species are known to cause disease
-Unique chemical makeup

-most lack peptidoglycan-lack a bacterial cell wall
-different genetic information from bacteria and
eukaryotes
DOMAIN EUBACTERIA
• 6 groups of bacteria are extremely diverse
Table 1 lists the key features of

each group of bacteria. Th ree of
these major groups are
photosynthetic.
Page 48
Proteobacteria and green bacteria,
however, use a process that is very
diff erent from photosynthesis in
plants. Th ey do not use water or
release oxygen, and they use diff
erent forms of chlorophyll.
CHARACTERISTICS
• Capsule
• Cell wall – made of peptidoglycan and outer membrane
• Plasma membrane
• Nucleoid region – condensed DNA molecule
• Ribosomes in the cytoplasm
• Pili
• Flagellumunicellular (single-celled)
• no nuclear membrane or other membranes around organelles
• small—less than 2 µm
• only 1 circular chromosome
BACTERIUM SHAPES AND GROUPINGS
1.GROUPINGS
• Mono - one
• Diplo - two
• Strepto - in a chain
• Staphylo - cluster
2. SHAPES Draw what you think the following

• Coccus~ Sphere shaped bacteria look like:
• Bacillus~ Rod shaped bacteria a) Streptobacilli
• Spirillium ~ Spiral shaped bacteria
b) Staphylococci
BACTERIAL RESPIRATION
• Aerobic • Grows in the presence of

oxygen
• Anaerobic • Grows in the absence of
oxygen
• Obligate Aerobes • Must have oxygen
• Obligate Anaerobes • Must have NO oxygen
• Facultative Anaerobes • Can grow with or

without oxygen
BACTERIA AND METABOLISM
• Autotrophs
• Heterotrophs
• Chemotrophs
AUTOTROPHS
• make their own energy
• use solar energy (or
other chemical
compounds) to ‘fix’
carbon dioxide
• eg. Cyanobacteria uses
photosynthesis to make
glucose
HETEROTROPHS
• Obtain energy from
eating other organisms
• Eg. E. coli
CHEMOTROPHS
• makes own energy
from chemicals like
sulfur or hydrogen
sulfide
• Eg. Archaebacteria
living in deep sea vents
OTHER ARCHAEA TERMS
• Chemotrophs/Methanogens – convert chemical compounds into methane gas
• Halophiles – like salt water (oceans)
• Extreme Thermophiles – like warm environments (hot springs)
• Psychrophiles – cold-loving organisms (Arctic soil)
BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION
• Binary Fission
• Conjugation
• Spore Formation
1) 2) 3)
Cellular organism copies its genetic information then splits into

two identical daughter cells.
CONJUGATION
1)
• Bacteria sex!
• 1 bacterial cell passes a
copy of a plasmid
through a hollow pilus 2)
• For example, that
contains the information
such as a resistance to
penicillin 3)
SPORE FORMATION: ENDOSPORE
• A type of dormant cell (sometimes for years)
• Exhibit no signs of life
• Highly resistant structure that forms around

the chromosome when cell is under some
sort of environmental stress such as:
-High temperatures
-Irradiation
-Strong acids
-Disinfectants
SYMBIOSIS – PARASITISM, MUTUALISMS,
COMMENSALISM
• Close relationship between two

species in which at least one
species benefits from the other
• Live together for LIFE
Human bodies contain many types of bacteria

inhabiting different organ systems. Some of these
bacteria, particularly those of our intestine and skin,
enhance our digestion and immune system.
2.2 VIRUSES
Pages 54-59
Learning Goals:
-Identify the characteristics of a virus
-Reproduction cycles of viruses
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X31g5TB
-MRo
VIRUSES
▪ Small, non-living particles

▪ Genetic material surrounded by a protein capsule, called a capsid.

REPRODUCTIVE MATERIAL
• DNA or RNA
• Virus inserts its genetic material into a host cell, the DNA or RNA takes control
of the host cell causing the cell to make copies of the viral DNA or RNA
WHY VIRUSES ARE IMPORTANT
• Cause human disease

• Easily spread from person to person
• Epidemic-in one geographic area
• Pandemic-global scale
• Can lead to some types of cancers
• Crop destruction
CLASSIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS
• 4000 viruses have been classified

• Potentially, millions of viruses exist
INFECTIOUS CYCLES
LYSOGENIC CYCLE
• Viral DNA can stay dormant for many years

• Bacterium continues to grow and divide normally, making copies of DNA that
the virus inserted in it
• Changes in the cell environment cause viral DNA to become active
LYTIC CYCLE
• Lysis occurs as the cell ruptures releasing 100-200 new viruses into the host
cell’s surroundings.
• Host cell is destroyed
• One hour
VACCINATIONS
• Mixtures contain weakened forms or parts of a dangerous virus

HPV
• Trigger immune response without infection
• Immune system remembers virus and quickly responds to future encounters
with virus
• Human papillomavirus
• 2006
• Causes 70% of cervical cancer
HARD CASES cases
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9tTi-CDj
DU
• AIDS virus very complex

• Influenza changes to frequently
• COVID-19
GENE THERAPY
• Using virus to deliver repairs (drugs or genes) to cells.

Examples:
• Target cancer cells with drugs
• Repair genetic disorders
• Genetically modified organisms
VIROIDS AND PRIONS
• Viroids: small infectious pieces of RNA

Highly destructive plant pathogens
• Prions: proteinaceous infectious particles
Cause rare diseases in mammals (mad cow disease)
2.3 PROTISTS
SOME BASICS:
• 200 000 species

• difficult to classify
• no “typical” protist
• most aquatic, some terrestrial
• only characteristic that all protists share is that they are not animals, plants or
fungi
• most single-celled
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF SINGLE-
CELLED PROTISTS:
1) eukaryotes – membranes around their

organelles (nucleus), > 2μm
2) unicellular – one celled
3) reproduce asexually by binary fission
4) must live in moist surroundings
Phylum Species Sketch Method of Method of
(Group) Name Movement Reproduction
- energy source
Mastigophoria Euglena flagellum Binary fission

gracillis
(euglenoids)
- autotrophs
- photosynthetic

Sarcondina Amoeba pseudopods Binary fission

proteus
(amoebas)
- heterotrophs

Ciliata Paramecium cilia Binary fission

caudatum (asexual)
(ciliates)
Stentor Conjugation
- heterotrophs coeruleus
(sexual)

LIFE CYCLES
• Single-celled protists
· reproduce asexually (binary fission) and sexually
(conjugation)

• Multi-cellular protists
· more complex
· may involve the formation of sex cells (haploid sperm
and egg), when sex cells fuse, diploid zygote is formed
· some alternate between a diploid and haploid stage
(alternation of generations)
Examples: Brown algae (Fig. 13 page 65)
Plasmodium – malaria protist (Fig. 14 page 66)
PROTISTS
METABOLISM
Heterotrophic Autotrophic
Animal-like Fungus-like Plant-like
- can be - most are decomposers - contains chlorophyll

parasitic/pathogenic - prefer cool, damp habitats - photosynthesize
- parasites Examples:
* sleeping sickness - Molds (water, slime) - single- Examples:
* malaria celled (vs. multicellular fungi - Euglena – unicellular,
kingdom) flagellates, heterotrophic at
Examples: night
- Amoeba - Algae – single-celled,
- Sporozoans colonies, multicellular
- ciliates like Paramecium (Note: responsible for 50-75%
of all photosynthesis on Earth)

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Chapter 1 summary:

-To be able to list characteristics of Domain

-To be able to label a diagram of a bacteria

-To be able to identify the three modes of bacterial

• Domain Eubacteria- commonly called bacteria

• most common prokaryotes are bacteria

• Bacteria and some archaea play key roles in ecosystems

-Unique chemical makeup

• 6 groups of bacteria are extremely diverse

Table 1 lists the key features of

2. SHAPES Draw what you think the following

• Aerobic • Grows in the presence of

• Obligate Anaerobes • Must have NO oxygen

• Facultative Anaerobes • Can grow with or

Cellular organism copies its genetic information then splits into

• Exhibit no signs of life

• Highly resistant structure that forms around

• Close relationship between two

Human bodies contain many types of bacteria

▪ Small, non-living particles

• Cause human disease

• 4000 viruses have been classified

• Viral DNA can stay dormant for many years

• Mixtures contain weakened forms or parts of a dangerous virus

• AIDS virus very complex

• Using virus to deliver repairs (drugs or genes) to cells.

• Viroids: small infectious pieces of RNA

• 200 000 species

1) eukaryotes – membranes around their

Mastigophoria Euglena flagellum Binary fission

Sarcondina Amoeba pseudopods Binary fission

Ciliata Paramecium cilia Binary fission

Animal-like Fungus-like Plant-like

- can be - most are decomposers - contains chlorophyll

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