Think, Pair and Share

• Instruction: Students will choose a partner

for this activity, Each student will answer
the question presented by their teacher,
Afterwards the answers are going to be
shared by their partner.
Motivation
• Do you think the environment affects the
character of a person? Why?

• Do you think it is a nature of the person to

be good or bad? Why?
Lesson 5

All Actions have Consequences

“The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet”.

-Aristotle
Define and Analyze the
following:
1. The Power of Volition
–Aristotle
2. Spiritual Freedom
–St. Thomas Aquinas
3. Individual Freedom
–Jean Paul Sartre
4. Social Contract Theory
–Thomas Hobbes
–Jean Jacques Rousseau
Power of Volition
• The imperative quality of a
judgement of practical intellect
is meaningless, apart from will.
• It is within power of everyone to be
good or bad, worthy or worthless
carried by:
– Our inner awareness of an aptitude to
do right or wrong
– Common Testimony of all human beings
– The rewards and punishment of rulers
– The general employment of praise and
blame
• Moral acts which are always particular
acts are in our power and we are
responsible for them.

• Character or habit is no excuse for

immoral conduct
Will
• It is considered as an instrument
of free choice

• If there were no intellect, there

would be no will
 `
• “The power of change, however cannot be
done by human beings alone, but it is
achieved through cooperation with God”.

-St. Thomas Aquinas

• All creatures of God, human beings have
the unique power to change themselves
and the things around them for the better.

• A human being, therefore has a

supernatural, transcendental destiny. This
means that he can rise above his ordinary
being to highest being or self.
 Fourfold classification of law
• Eternal Law
• Natural Law
• Human Law
• Divine Law
Spiritual Freedom
• The existence of God as a first cause of all
God’s creation, human beings have the
unique power to change themselves and
things around them for the better.

• Humans are both material and spiritual. We

have conscience because of our spirituality.
God is love and love is our destiny
• Human beings as being rational have laws
that should not only be obeyed but obeyed
voluntarily and with understanding.
Individual Freedom
• According to Sartre “The human
person is the desire to be God the
desire to exist as a being which has
its sufficient ground in itself”.
 Existence precedes essence
• The person first, exists, encounters himself
and surges up in the world then defines
himself afterward. The person is nothing
else but that what he makes of himself

• The person is provided with a supreme

opportunity to give meaning to one’s life,
one fills the world with meaning
 Freedom
• The very core and the door to authentic
existence
 Authentic existence
• It is realized only in deeds that are
committed alone in absolute freedom and
responsibility and which, therefore the
character of true creation
• To be human, to be conscious is to be free
to imagine, free to choose and to be
responsible for one’s life.
 Thomas Hobbes
• Social Contract Theory

Law of Nature(lex naturalis) is a precept or

general rule established by reason, by which
a person is forbidden to do that which is
destructive of his life or takes away the
means of preserving the same and to omit
that by which he thinks it may be best
preserved
 Laws of Nature
• 1. Seek peace
• 2. Mutual divest ourselves from certain
rights
• 3. Perform their covenant made

• When there has been no covenant made

no actions can be unjust
 Contract
• The mutual transferring of these rights
• The fundamental law of nature seeks
peace and follows it while at the same
time by the sum of natural right we should
defend ourselves by all means that we can
 Jean Jacques Rousseau
• Social Contract Theory, The state owes its
origin to a social contract freely entered
into by members

• Human beings have to form community or

civil community to protect themselves from
one another.
• According to Hobbes,
– To end the continuous and self destructive
condition of warfare, humanity founded the
state with its sovereign power of control by
means of a mutual consent.
• According to Rousseau,
– A human being is born free and good. Now,
he is in chains and has become bad due to
evil influence of society, civilization, learning,
and progress. Hence, from these come
dissension, conflict, fraud, and deceit.
Therefore a human being lost his original
goodness.
• 1986 Edsa Revolution
– People gathered in EDSA to voice their
disenchantment peacefully and through
mutual effort, successfully ousted Marcos.
 Evaluate and Exercise
Prudence in Choices
• B.F Skinner
“The environment selects which is similar
with natural selection. We must take into
account what the environment does to an
organism not only before but also after it
responds”.
B.F Skinner
• “Freedom is not due to a will to be free as
for Aristotle or Sartre but to certain
behavioral processes characteristic of the
human organism, the chief effect of which
is the avoidance of escape from aversive
features of the environment”.
Intersubjectivity
Intersubjectivity
• Sharing the subjective states by two or
more individuals.

• The term subjective is based on feelings

or opinion rather than facts.
• Relating to the way a person experiences
something in his or her own
 Martin Buber
• Conceives the human person in his/her
wholeness, totality, concrete existence and
relatedness to the world.

• Presented his philosophy through a dialogue

a philosophical theory that showed a
particular interaction where the parties
involved develop a connection or
relationship
I-thou
• The human person as a subject, who is a
being different from things or from objects.
The human person experiences his
wholeness not in virtue of his relation to
one’ s self but in virtue of his relation to
another self.
I-It
• It is a person to thing, subject to object
that is merely experiencing and using;
lacking directedness and mutuality
 St. Pope John Paull II
• Human as rational animal he maintains
that the human person is the one who
exist and acts

• Fides et ratio, He criticized the traditional

definition of human as a rational animal he
maintains that the human person is the
one who exists and acts
 St. Augustine of Hippo
• “No human being should become an end
to him/herself. We are responsible to our
neighbors as we are to our won actions”.
Martin Heidegger
• “Humankind is a conversation”
• “A conversation attempts to articulate who
and what we are not as particular
individuals but as human beings. We are
human beings who care about more than
information and gratification”.
Conversation
• More than an idle but a dialog this means
that humanity is progressively attuned to
communication about being.
Language
• It is a tool for communication, information,
and social interaction
Dialog
• It is a conversation that is attuned to each
other and to whatever they are talking
about
Authentic Dialog
• It entails a person to person, a mutual
sharing of ourselves, acceptance and
sincerity.
Human Person in
Society
Medieval Period
 Feudalism
• Feudum- meaning property or possession
 Modern Philosophy
• Its an attack on and a rejection of the
Middle Ages that occupied the preceding
years. Its an attack on the church that
ruled those ages and dictated its ideas.
 Leonardo da Vinci
• Illustrated Vitruvius principle that a well
built human hands and feet extended fits
perfectly into a circle
 Naturalism
• The philosophy of this first age lived in a
world where two things seemed clear

1.Nature is full of facts which conform

fatally to exact and irreversible law.

2. Human beings live best under a strong,

benevolently dictatorial civil government
 Rene Descartes
• A philosopher begins his reflection by
doubting everything
 Age of Empiricism
• The characteristic tendencies of period
 Humanism
• Reflection is now more an inner study an
analysis of the mind, than an examination
of the business of physical science.
 Immanuel Kant
• Thought that humanity’s nature is the real
creator of humanity’s world.
• “It is not the external world, as such that
deepest truth for us at all; it is the inner
structure of the human spirit that merely
expresses itself in the visible nature about
us”.
 Galilleo
• He convinced the correctness of this new
way of seeing the world and invented the
telescope
 Copernicus
• It stands as an example of a science in the
throes of revolution, critical and yet self
assured and dogmatic, opening up new
visions of the world and living the thinking
world in general to assimilate these
changes and make of them the best it can.
 Globalization
• It is not a one way process but comprises
the multilateral interactions among global
systems, local practices, transnational
trends and personal lifestyle.
 Industrial Revolution
It is a movement in which machine changed
people’s way of life as well as their methods
of manufacture attributes: s
 Industrial revolution changes:
• Intervention of machine in lieu of doing the
work of hand tools
• The use of steam and other kinds pf power
vis-à-vis the muscles of human beings and
of animals
• Embracing of factory system
 Artificial Intelligence
• Branch of computer science or study and
design of intelligent agents where an
intelligent agent is a system that perceives
its environment and takes actions that
maximize its chances of success.
 John McCarthy
• Defined artificial intelligence as a science
and engineering of making intelligent
machines.
 Socrates
• “Knowledge is virtue; ignorance is vice”.

• A great teacher in athens around 469 BC

believes that knowing oneself is a
condition to solve the present problem
 Socrates two ways of teaching
• 1. Expository method
– answer the student direct or implied questions
fills the void ignorance with information
proceeds by analogy and illustration or clears
the ground for exposition by demonstrating
that some of the beliefs or assumptions
• 2. Socratic method,
– to assess by questions the character of the
student and to set him problems, exhort him
to reduce each problem to its constituent
elements and criticize the solutions that he
offers
 Ironic process
• A process that serves the learner to seek
for knowledge by ridding the mind of
prejudices and then humbly accepting his
ignorance.
 Maieustic process
• That is employed after the first process
has cleared the mind of the learner of the
ignorance and then draws truth out of the
learner’s mind. This can be done by
means of a dialog or a conversation
 Plato
• It is the communion with universal and
eternal ideas.

• “Human beings therefore are in constant

contemplation of the truth since the things
we see here on earth are merely shadows
of the real truth in the world of Ideas”.
 Theory of Immortality
• According to Plato the body is the source
of endless trouble to us by reason of the
mere requirement of food and is liable also
to diseases which overtake and impede us
in the search after true being: it fills us full
of love, lusts and fears, and fancies of all
kinds, and endless foolishness
 The Republic
• The book created by Plato which defines
the word “Justice”.
 3 types of Citizen
• 1. The common people(artisan people)
• 2. The soldiers(warriors)
• 3. The guradians(rulers)
 Modernization
• This complex and interrelated series of
changes in humanity’s way of life
 Technology
• It is considered not only a copy of the first
nature but a replacement of nature itself
 Aristotle
• “everything in nature seeks to realize itself
to develop its potentialities and finally
realize its actualities. All things have to
develop its actualities”.
 Entelechy
• To become its essence.
 Unmoved Mover
• There must be something that is actual
motion and which is moved by nothing
external.
 Friedrich Nietzsche
• - The Birth of Tragedy
• Analyze the art of Athenian tragedy as the product
of the Greeks’ deep and non-evasive thinking
about the meaning of life in the face of extreme
vulneralbility
 Arthur Schopenhauer
• An admirer of Kant, utilized Kant’s
distinction between noumenal and the
phenomenal realms to explain the source
of human ignorance
 Martin Heidegger
• “human existence is exhibited in care”.
Care is understood in terms of finite
temporality, which reaches with death
 Three fold structure of Care
1. Possibility
– Humanity gets projected ahead of itself.
Entities that are encountered are transformed
merely as ready to hand for service
• 2. Facticity, A person is not pure possibility
but factual possibility: possibilities open to
him at any time conditioned and limited by
circumstances.
• 3. Fallenness
• Humanity flees from the disclosure of anxiety to
lose oneself in absorption with instrumental world
or to bury oneself in the anonymous impersonal
existence of the mass where no one is
responsible.
 Jean Paul Sartre
• Dualism of Sartre
– En-soi(in- itself)- signifies the permeable and
dense, silent and dead. From them comes no
meaning, they only are. It only find meaning
through the human person the one and only.
– Pour- soi(for-itself)- the world only has
meaning according to what the person gives
to it.
 Karl Jaspers
• First German to address the question of
guilt of Germans of humanity implicated by
the cruelty of the Holocaust.
• He concluded that caution must be
exercised in assigning collective
responsibility since this notion has no
sense from either the judicial, moral, or
metaphysical point of view
 Gabriel Marcel
• “The search for a home in the wilderness,
a harmony in disharmony takes place
through a reflective process that Marcel
calls secondary reflection”.
 Marcel Phenomenological
Method
• Primary Reflection,
– This method looks at the world or at any
object as a problem, detached from the self
and fragment. This is the foundation of
scientific knowledge
• Secondary Reflection
– This reflection is concerned not with object
but with presences. It recaptures the unity of
original experience. It does not go against the
date of primary reflection but goes beyond it
by refusing to accept the data of primary
reflection as final.