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    Pharmacology: An Introduction: Pharmacology Dr. Abdul Salam Nazmi

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    Pharmacology: An Introduction: Pharmacology Dr. Abdul Salam Nazmi

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    rimazkhan
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    01_Pharmacol_ Intro

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    Pharmacology: An Introduction: Pharmacology Dr. Abdul Salam Nazmi

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    rimazkhan

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    Pharmacology: An Introduction

    Pharmacology
    Dr. Abdul Salam Nazmi

    1
    History of Pharmacology
    • Look for Agents: to relieve pain and diseases

    • Early days of therapeutics:


    – Magic, Religion and Divine intervention
    • Experiences: coming with time
    – foundation for = science- based practice

    • Chinese: 5000 years ago


    • Egyptians: 3500 years ago
    – a list of drugs and recipes to make them
    – now called as Formularies 2
    Origin of Pharmacology: 16th Century

    3 Principles of Pharmacology:
    1. Each disease:
    a specific cause & a specific remedy

    2. Each remedy (natural):


    an identifiable component --- responsible for its efficacy

    3. Size of the dose:


    determines the degree of response

    3
    Modern Pharmacology: 19th century

    • Critical idea: for the development of modern


    Pharmacology:-
    – specific chemicals produce biological responses

    • The concept was facilitated:


    – development of techniques
    – isolation and synthesis of pure organic chemicals
    in the 19th century

    4
    Key figures in the development of
    Pharmacology in the 19th century

    • Serturner (1804): isolated morphine

    • Wells (1845): nitrous oxide

    • Morton (1846): diethyl ether

    • Binz (late 1800's): cyanide poisoning and quinine.

    5
    Key figures…..

    Rudolph Bucheim:
    1820-1879

    • established the first


    Department of
    Pharmacology at the
    University of Dorpat (now
    in Estonia)

    6
    Professor Oswald Schmiedeberg

     Oswald Schmiedeberg:
    1838-1921
    • 1866 Dr. med. in Dorpat
    • 1866-1868 in Dorpat studied with
    Rudolf Buchheim
    • 1869-1872: Pharmacologist in
    Dorpat
    • 1872-1918: Pharmacologist in
    Strasburg
    7
    Roots of U.S. Pharmacology
    • John J. Abel (1857-1938)
    – Established 1st US Department of
    Pharmacology at the University of Michigan
    • 1st Chairman of Pharmacology at Johns
    Hopkins University (JHU)
    • Founded:
    – American Biochemical Society (ABS)
    – American Society for Pharmacology and
    Experimental Therapeutics (ASPET)

    8
    Terminology
    • Pharmacology: is the study of the interaction of chemicals
    with biological systems to yield therapeutic or other
    beneficial effects

    Pharmacon + logos

    • The science in which we study how drugs produce their


    effects on the human body.
    • Aim:
    – safety of medicines
    – effective use of drugs

    9
    Terminology…
    • Major areas of Pharmacology:

    1. Pharmacodynamics:
    –mechanism of action of drugs

    2. Pharmacokinetics:
    – Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination

    3. Pharmacotherapeutics:
    – treatment of diseases

    4. Chemotherapy:
    – use of drugs to destroy or retard growth
    10
    Terminology…
    • Toxicology:
    – study of the interaction of chemicals with biological
    systems to yield adverse effects (harmful effects of drugs)

    • Pharmacy:
    – The science of preparing, compounding, and dispensing
    medicines

    • Pharmacognosy:
    – The identification and preparation of crude drugs from
    natural sources

    11
    Pharmacology: Important Concepts
    • Drugs cannot change the function of a cell, tissue or
    organ.

    • an understanding of organic chemistry, biochemistry,


    physiology, pathology, and microbiology

     They can only stimulate or depress an


    already existing function.

    12
    Categories of drugs
    • Traditional (chemical) drug therapies:
    - most common
    - single compound either isolated or synthesized in a lab

    • Biologics:
    - produced by animal cells or microorganisms
    - hormones, vaccines, compound found in blood

    • Natural/Alternative therapies:
    - herbs & plant extracts, vitamins/minerals, animal extracts

    - widely used? not under same Scanner as drugs

    13
    Drug Nomenclature
    • Chemical name:
    — Used by chemists
    — as per chemical configuration
    — Example: 2-(4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl) propionic acid

    • Generic name:
    — assigned by the US Adopted Name Council (USAN)
    — useful to know (study of drug by generic name only)
    — Example: ibuprofen

    • Trade name or Brand name:


    — assigned by the company/manufacturer
    — A drug can have more than one trade names
    — Example: Ibuprofen® (Arthrofen, Ebufec, Remafen, Fenbid)

    14
    Drug Regulation in USA
    • Drug Control: FDA
    -The Food and Drug Administration:
     Chemical drugs, biologics, herbs, medical devices, as well as food,
    cosmetics, veterinary medicines, and animal feeds etc.
     Monitors adverse effects of drugs

    • Drug Development: Divided into two Phases


    – 1. Pre-Clinical Stage – begins with testing in cell culture and
    animals
    – 2. Clinical Stage – very expensive and begins with testing in
    humans

     If pre-clinical testing shows promise, clinical trials in human


    begin
     Averages time-span = about 10 years (8-12)
    15
    Four Phases of Clinical Trials
     Primary consideration: to provide welfare of subjects
     Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Guidelines:
     by establishing IRB and ICF
     CTs: four phases

    • Phase 1: Human Pharmacology


    – small number of healthy normal volunteers (20-80)
    – patients ?
    – safety of drug and toxicity dose

    • Phase 2: Therapeutic exploration


    – small number of patients (80-200)
    – effectiveness of drug
    – optimal dose range (dose-response studies)

    16
    Four Phases of Clinical Trials..

    • Phase 3: Therapeutic confirmation


    – large number of patients (100-1000s)
    – verify the efficacy of the drug
    – look for additional side effects

    • Phase 4: Therapeutic use


    – Additional information after marketing
    – Like: MOA, ADR, comparisons etc

    17
    Drug Regulation in Oman: Ministry of Health
    The Directorate General of Pharmaceutical Affairs and Drug Control

    • Drug Procurement
    — Oman is a member of the GCC states and WHO
    — Saudi based SGH handles most procurement

    • Drug Selection
    — CDC is responsible for the selection of drugs for use by the public and
    reports to the MOH

    • Drug Manufacturing
    — GMP is applied to industrial manufacturing
    — Drugs are repackaged in a number of hospitals, clinics etc.

     Drug Prescribing: mainly 4 levels


    —Over the counter products (OTC)
    — Prescription only drugs
    — Narcotics and psychotropics
    — other controlled drugs
    18

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