Advances in Power Transmission & Distribution: Instructor

Advances in Power Transmission &
Distribution
Instructor
Dr. Khaleequr Rehman Niazi

(Email:krniazi.ee@mnit.ac.in)
Professor in Electrical Engineering
MNIT
Jaipur-India
Prof. K.R.Niazi, MNIT Jaipur

INDIA
Theory of Line Compensation
Compensation means modification of electrical characteristics of a
transmission line to increase its power transmission capacity while
satisfying the fundamental requirement for transmission line.
Fundamental requirement of ac transmission line

1.All major synchronous machines must remain stable in
synchronism.
2.All transmission voltages must remain near to their rated values

A compensated transmission line ideally performs the following
function:
Types of Compensation
A figure of merit used to measure the effectiveness of a

compensated system is the product of line length and maximum
transmissible power.
Compensation may be classified as:
1.Surge impedance compensation or Z0 – Compensation

2.Line length compensation or ϴ- Compensation
3.Compensation by sectioning
Another approach is to divide the line into shorter sections which

are more or less independent of each other except that they all
transmit the same power. This is called Compensation by
sectioning. It is achieved by connecting constant voltage
compensator ( synchronous condensers) at regular interval along
the line.
All three types of compensation may be used together in a single
transmission line
Passive & Active Compensation
Passive compensators are either permanently connected or

switched. They are incapable of providing continuous (step less)
compensation. Passive compensators include shunt reactor, shunt
capacitor and series capacitor.
Active compensators are generally shunt connected devices. They

try to maintain substantially constant voltage at a point of
connection by absorbing or generating reactive power. They are
usually capable of continuous variation and rapid response. For
example synchronous condenser and thyristor controlled
compensators
Compensator by Function and Type
1. Shunt Reactive Compensation

1. Shunt Reactive Compensation
2. Series Reactive Compensation
Effect of Compensation
For any fixed degree of series compensation, increasing the value
of shunt compensation has the effect of
1.Reducing electrical length of the line
2.Reducing natural load of the line
3.Increasing the surge impedance of the line
For 100% shunt compensation ϴ’ and P0’ reduces to zero and Z0’
becomes infinite. This condition is equivalent to open circuit (no
load). Thus voltage profile becomes flat at no load. Ferranti effect
is completely cancelled
Under heavy loading conditions flat voltage profile can be
achieved by shunt capacitive compensation instead shunt inductive
compensation i.e., for negative value of Ksh.
For any fixed degree of shunt compensation, increasing the value
of series compensation has the effect of
1.Reducing electrical length of the line
2.Increasing natural load of the line
3.Reducing the surge impedance of the line
Therefore, series compensation, in principle, can be used to
achieve flat voltage profile under heavy loading conditions.
However, due to lumped nature of series capacitors, they are not
suitable for voltage control.
For same amount of power transfer and same value of E and V, the
δ in the case of series compensated line is less than that of
uncompensated line
E.V
P sin 1
XL
E.V
P sin  2
(X L  XC )
sin  2 ( X L  X C )

sin 1 XL
Smaller value of δ means better transient stability margin

Series compensation offers most economic solution for system
stability as compared to other methods (reducing generator,
transformer reactance, bundled conductors, increase no. of parallel
circuits
RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF CONTROLLABLE
PARAMETERS
1. For small values of δ, the difference of magnitude of

sending end & receiving end voltages largely governs the
flow of reactive power. Conversely magnitude of reactive
power flow causes difference of magnitude of sending end
& receiving end voltages.
2. For small values of δ, the difference of phase angles of

sending end & receiving end voltages largely governs the
flow of active power. Conversely magnitude of active
power flow causes difference of phase angles of sending
end & receiving end voltages.
PARAMETERS
3.Control of the line impedance X (active series capacitor) can

provide a powerful means of current control.
4.When the angle δ is not large, which is often the case,

control of X substantially provides the control of active power.
Control of angle (for example by Phase Angle Regulator,)
which in turn controls the driving voltage, provides a powerful
means of controlling the current flow and hence active power
flow when the angle is not large
PARAMETERS
5. When the angle δ is not large, which is often the case, control
of X substantially provides the control of active power.
6. Control of angle (for example by Phase Angle Regulator,)

controls the driving voltage and provides a powerful means of
controlling the current flow and hence active power flow when
the angle is not large.
7. Injecting a voltage in series with the line, and perpendicular to
the current flow can increase or decrease the magnitude of
current flow. Since the current flow lags the driving voltage
by 90 degrees, this means injection of reactive power in series,
(e.g., with static synchronous series compensation) can
provide a powerful means of controlling the line current, and
hence the active power when the angle is not large.
8. Injecting voltage in series with the line and with any phase
angle with respect to the driving voltage can control the
magnitude and the phase of the line current. This means that
injecting a voltage phasor with variable phase angle can
provide a powerful means of precisely controlling the active
and reactive power flow. This requires injection of both active
and reactive power in series.
Tutorial 1
1. Suppose we want to achieve flat voltage profile at a load which is two times the
natural load of the line. Determine (i) The degree of series compensation required
assuming no shunt compensation ( Ksh=0) (ii) The degree of Shunt compensation
required assuming no series compensation ( Kse=0). Write your comments on the
result obtained.
2. Suppose we want to improve steady state stability limit by 50%. Determine (i) The
degree of series compensation required assuming no shunt compensation ( K sh=0)
and (ii) The degree of Shunt compensation required assuming no series
compensation (Kse=0). Write your comments on the result obtained.
3. The receiving end voltage of a transmission line at no load is 51.4% more than the
sending end voltage at 50 Hz frequency. Determine the length of transmission line.
4. A 50 Hz, 275 kV loss less transmission line has inductance 1.1 mH/km per phase
and capacitance of 0.012 µF/km per phase. Determine the reactive power
requirement of sending end at no load. Determine the same with 20% shunt
compensation.
Flexible AC Transmission Systems
Alternating current transmission systems incorporating power
electronic based & other static controllers to enhance
controllability and increase power transfer capability.
Better utilization of existing power and energy infrastructure.

Controlling power over designated transmission routes

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Advances in Power Transmission &

Dr. Khaleequr Rehman Niazi

Prof. K.R.Niazi, MNIT Jaipur

Fundamental requirement of ac transmission line

2.All transmission voltages must remain near to their rated values

A figure of merit used to measure the effectiveness of a

Compensation may be classified as:

1.Surge impedance compensation or Z0 – Compensation

Another approach is to divide the line into shorter sections which

Passive compensators are either permanently connected or

Active compensators are generally shunt connected devices. They

1. Shunt Reactive Compensation

Smaller value of δ means better transient stability margin

1. For small values of δ, the difference of magnitude of

2. For small values of δ, the difference of phase angles of

3.Control of the line impedance X (active series capacitor) can

4.When the angle δ is not large, which is often the case,

6. Control of angle (for example by Phase Angle Regulator,)

Better utilization of existing power and energy infrastructure.

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