Discovering

Computers 2011
Living in a Digital World
Objectives Overview

Define the term,

Explain why computer computer, and describe Describe the five
literacy is vital to the relationship components of a
success in today’s world between data and computer
information

Discuss the advantages

Define the term,
and disadvantages that Discuss the uses of the
network, and identify
users experience when Internet and World
benefits of sharing
working with Wide Web
resources on a network
computers

See Page 3 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 2

for Detailed Objectives Chapter 1
Objectives Overview

Distinguish between system Differentiate among types, Describe the role of each
software and application sizes, and functions of element in an information
software computers in each category system

Explain how home users,

Discuss how society uses
small office/home office
computers in education,
users, mobile users, power
finance, government, health
users, and enterprise users
care, science, publishing,
each interact with
travel, and manufacturing
computers

See Page 3 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 3

for Detailed Objectives Chapter 1
A World of Computers

• Computers are everywhere

Pages 4 - 5 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 4

Figure 1-1 Chapter 1
What is Computer Literacy?

• Awareness of their importance, versatility (quality) and pervasiveness (to be

accepted) in our society.
• Knowledge on what computers are and how it works and some technical jargons.
- bit, byte, bus, bug, volatile etc
· Interaction : able to use a computer for some simple applications

Being a computer literate is no longer adequate, you need also to be information

literate.

"To be information literate, a person must be able to recognize when information is

needed and have the ability to locate, evaluate, and use effectively the needed
information"
What Is a Computer?

• A computer is an electronic device, operating

under the control of instructions stored in its own
memory

Collects Produces
data Processing information
(input) (output)

Information Processing Cycle

Page 6 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 6

Chapter 1
What Is a Computer?

Page 6 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 7

Figure 1-2 Chapter 1
What is Information Literacy?

• How to gather information

• How to evaluate this information
• How to make an informed decision.
• It also requires critical thinking, the capacity
to evaluate the quality of the information you
are getting
 Chapter 1
9 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World Pages 6 - 8
Device
• Enables a computer to send and receive data, instructions, and
information to and from one or more computers or mobile devices
Communications
• Holds data, instructions, and information for future use
Storage Device
• Case that contains the electronic components of the computer that are System Unit
used to process data
• Hardware component that conveys information to one or more people
Output Device
• Allows you to enter data and instructions into a computer
Input Device
mechanical components known as hardware
• A computer contains many electric, electronic, and
The Components of a Computer
The Components of a Computer

Page 7 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 10

Figure 1-3 Chapter 1
Advantages and Disadvantages
of Using Computers
Advantages of Disadvantages of
Using Computers Using Computers

Speed Health Risks

Reliability Violation of Privacy

Consistency Public Safety

Storage Impact on Labor Force

Communications Impact on Environment

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World

Pages 9 - 10 11
Chapter 1
Advantages and Disadvantages
of Using Computers
• Green computing involves reducing the electricity
consumed and environmental waste generated when
using a computer
• Strategies include:
– Recycling
– Regulating manufacturing processes
– Extending the life of computers
– Immediately donating or properly disposing of replaced computers

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Page 10 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 12
Chapter 1
Networks and the Internet

• A network is a
collection of computers
and devices connected
together, often
wirelessly, via
communications
devices and
transmission media

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World

Pages 10 - 11 13
Chapter 1
Figure 1-6
Networks and the Internet

• The Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that

connects millions of businesses, government agencies,
educational institutions, and individuals

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Page 11 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 14
Figure 1-7 Chapter 1
Networks and the Internet

• People use the Internet for a variety of reasons:

Communicate Research and Shop Bank and Invest Online Trading

Access Information

Entertainment Download Videos Share Information Web Application

Pages 12 - 13 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 15

Figure 1-8 Chapter 1
Networks and the Internet

• A social networking Web site encourages

members to share their interests, ideas, stories,
photos, music, and videos with other registered
users

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Page 14 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 16
Figure 1-9 Chapter 1
Computer Software

• Software, also called a program, tells the

computer what tasks to perform and how to
perform them
System Software
• Operating system
• Utility program

Application Software
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Pages 15 - 16 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 17
Figures 1-10 - 1-11 Chapter 1
Computer Software

• Installing is the process of setting up software to

work with the computer, printer, and other
hardware

Pages 16 - 17 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 18

Figure 1-12 Chapter 1
Computer Software

• A programmer develops
software or writes the
instructions that direct
the computer to
process data into
information

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World

Page 18 19
Chapter 1
Figure 1-13
The Beginning of the Computer Age

• In about 55 years, we have leapfrogged through

four generations of technology
– The vacuum tube
– The transistor
– The integrated circuit
– The microprocessor
Computer Generations - The 1st Gen

The First Generation, 1951–1958

The Vacuum Tube

· electronic tubes the size of light bulbs used as the internal

computer components
· generated a great deal of heat  problems in temperature
regulation and climate control
· subject to frequent burnout
· people operating the computer did not know whether the
problem was in the programming or in the machine.
· language used in programming was machine language,
which uses numbers making programming the computer
difficult and time-consuming.
Computer Generations - The 1st Gen

The First Generation, 1951–1958: The Vacuum Tube

 Computer Generations - The 2nd Gen

The Second Generation, 1959–1964

The Transistor

· Bell Lab scientists  J. Bardeen, H. W. Brattain, and W.

Shockley developed the transistor
· Transistors  much smaller than vacuum tubes, needed no
warm-up time, consumed less energy, and were faster and
more reliable.
Computer Generations - The 2nd
nd Gen

A replica of the first

transistor invented at
Bell Labs, December
23, 1947
Computer Generations - The 2nd Gen

• During this generation another important development was

the move from machine language to assembly languages,
also called symbolic languages
• After the development of symbolic languages came high-level
languages, such as FORTRAN (1954) and COBOL (1959).
• 1962  the first removable disk pack was marketed. Disk
storage supplemented magnetic tape systems and enabled
users to have fast access to desired data.
• Throughout this period computers were being used principally
by business, university, and government organizations. They
had not filtered down to the general public.
Computer Generations - The 3rd Gen

The Third Generation, 1965–1970

The Integrated Circuit (IC)

· An integrated circuit (IC) is a complete electronic circuit on a

small chip of silicon which is a semiconductor.
· In 1965 integrated circuits began to replace transistors in
computers.
· The chips were hailed as a generational breakthrough because
they had desirable characteristics:
· reliability,
· compactness
· low cost.
· The beginning of the third generation was trumpeted by the
IBM 360 series.
Computer Generations - The 3rd Gen

An integrated circuit (IC) Intel 4004 IC

Computer Generations - The 4th Gen

The Fourth Generation, 1971 - Present:

The Microprocessor

• Perhaps the most far-reaching contribution of the 360 series was

IBM's decision to unbundled the software, that is, to sell the
software separately from the hardware.
• This approach led to the creation of today's software industry.
Software became more sophisticated during this third
generation.
• Through the 1970s computers gained dramatically in speed,
reliability, and storage capacity,
• The fourth generation was, in fact, an extension of third-
generation technology.
• A microprocessor contains millions of tiny transistors
Computer Generations - The 4th Gen

• The general-purpose processor-on-a-chip, also known as the

microprocessor, became commercially available in 1971.
• Computer power become more apparent with the use of the
microprocessor.
• Common applications of the microprocessor 
– digital watches
– pocket calculators
– personal computers
– virtually every machine in the home or business  cars, copy machines,
television sets, bread-making machines, etc
• Computers today are 100 times smaller than those of the first
generation, and a single chip is far more powerful than ENIAC.
Do You Know ???

The first
microprocessor, the
Intel 4004 with 2300
transistors and
3mmx4mm size, was
introduced in 1971.
Do You Know ???

• The Pentium 4 was

introduced in 2000.
• It had 42 million
transistors and a
1,400-1,500MHz
clock speed.
• The die size was
224mm2
Computer Generations - The 5th Gen

The Fifth Generation: Onwards

• Term coined by the Japanese to describe the powerful,

"intelligent" computers they wanted to build by the mid-
1990s.
• The term evolved to encompass elements in several research
fields related to computer intelligence: artificial intelligence,
expert systems, and natural language.
• The true focus  is connectivity where the massive industry
effort to permit users to connect their computers to other
computers.
• The concept of the information superhighway has captured
the imaginations of both computer professionals and
everyday computer users.
Computer Technology
Computer Generations
Technology Generations
Categories of Computers
Personal computers

Mobile computers and mobile devices

Game consoles

Servers

Mainframes

Supercomputers

Embedded computers

Page 19 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 36

Chapter 1
Personal Computers

• A personal computer can perform all of its input,

processing, output, and storage activities by itself
• Two popular architectures are the PC and the
Apple
– Desktop computer

Page 19 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 37

Figures 1-15 - 1-16 Chapter 1
Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices

Mobile Mobile
Computer Device
Personal computer you Computing device
can carry from place to small enough to hold in
place your hand

Examples include
Examples include
smart phones, PDAs,
notebook computers,
handheld computers,
laptop computers,
portable media
netbooks, ultra-thins,
players, and digital
and Tablet PCs
cameras

Pages 20 - 23 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 38

Chapter 1
Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices

Notebook computer

Tablet PC

Smart phone

PDA
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Pages 20 - 22 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 39
Figures 1-17 – 1-20 Chapter 1
Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices

Handheld computer

Portable media player

Digital camera
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Pages 22 - 23 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 40
Figures 1-21 – 1-23 Chapter 1
Game Consoles

• A game console is a
mobile computing
device designed for
single-player or
multiplayer video
games

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World

Page 24 41
Chapter 1
Figure 1-24
Servers

• A server controls access

to the hardware,
software, and other
resources on a network
– Provides a centralized
storage area for
programs, data, and
information

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World

Page 25 42
Chapter 1
Figure 1-25
Mainframes

• A mainframe is a large,
expensive, powerful
computer that can
handle hundreds or
thousands of connected
users simultaneously

Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World

Page 25 43
Chapter 1
Figure 1-26
Supercomputers

• A supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful

computer
– Fastest supercomputers are capable of processing
more than one quadrillion instructions in a single
second

Page 25 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 44

Figure 1-27 Chapter 1
Embedded Computers

• An embedded computer is a special-purpose

computer that functions as a component in a
larger product
Consumer Home Automation Process Controllers Computer Devices
Automobiles
Electronics Devices and Robotics and Office Machines
• Mobile and digital • Thermostats • Antilock brakes • Remote monitoring • Keyboards
telephones • Sprinkling systems • Engine control systems • Printers
• Digital televisions • Security modules • Power monitors • Faxes
• Cameras monitoring systems • Airbag controller • Machine • Copiers
• Video recorders • Appliances • Cruise control controllers
• DVD players and • Lights • Medical devices
recorders
• Answering
machines

Page 26 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 45

Chapter 1
Embedded Computers

Page 26 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 46

Figure 1-28 Chapter 1
Examples of Computer Usage

Home User Small Office/Home Mobile User

• Personal financial management Office User • Connect to other computers on
• Web access • Look up information a network or the Internet
• Communications • Send and receive e-mail • Transfer information
• Entertainment messages • Play video games
• Make telephone calls • Listen to music
• Watch movies

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Pages 28 – 31 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 49
Figures 1-30 – 1-32 Chapter 1
Examples of Computer Usage

Power User Enterprise User

• Work with multimedia • Communicate among
• Use industry-specific employees
software • Process high volumes
of transactions
• Blog

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Pages 31 – 32 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 50
Figures 1-33 – 1-34 Chapter 1
Computer Applications in Society

Education
Finance
Government
Health Care
Pages 34 - 36 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 51
Figures 1-36 – 1-39 Chapter 1
Computer Applications in Society

Science
Publishing
Travel
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Manufacturing
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Pages 36 - 38 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 52
Figures 1-40 – 1-43 Chapter 1
Video: Computer History in a Barn

CLICK TO START
Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 53
Chapter 1
Summary

Basic computer Components of a

concepts computer

Many different
categories of
Networks, the Internet,
computers, computer
and computer software
users, and computer
applications in society
Page 39 Discovering Computers 2011: Living in a Digital World 54
Chapter 1
Discovering
Computers 2011
Living in a Digital World

Chapter 1 Complete