Myology: The Buccinators Mechanism The Tongue

MYOLOGY
A. The Buccinators Mechanism

B. The Tongue
MYOLOGY
 639 muscles
6 billion muscle fibers (each with 1000 fibrils= 6
billion fibrils)
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
MUSCLE
 two physical properties of muscle important
in its kinetic activity:
1. Elasticity
2. Contractility
1. ELASTICITY
 the ability to return to original length and
shape after contraction or extension
 normal relaxed muscle withstands only

certain amount of elongation (six-tenths of
its natural length) before rupturing
1. ELASTICITY
 factors affecting muscle elasticity:
 muscle involved
 type of stress
 individual resistance
 age
 pathologic conditions
2. CONTRACTILITY
 ability of muscle to shorten its length under
innervational impulse
 Action potential- causes contraction
 Energy- provided by breakdown of high energy
bonds in ATP
 Fatigue- caused by lactic acid accumulation
2. CONTRACTILITY
 SHERRINGTON ALL OR NONE LAW
 Individualmuscle fibers have no variable contraction
status; either relaxed or going into maximum
contraction by adequate stimulus
 Actionof all muscle fibers (with same amount of

force)= maximum contraction
 Strengthof contraction depends on the number of

fibers engaged at a particular time
 Duringrest: peripheral fibers are called on by the

nerve system for maintenance of posture
2. CONTRACTILITY
 ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION
 Occurswhen a muscle is simply resisting an
external force without any actual shortening
2. CONTRACTILITY
 ISOTONIC CONTRACTION
 Thereis actual shortening.
 Example: flexing the biceps
2. CONTRACTILITY
2. CONTRACTILITY
 Dentist must know that the greatest strength
of contraction is elicited when the muscle
approximates its resting length
 Strength diminishes as muscles shorten or
lengthen beyond their optimal or resting length
 Example:
 As the mandible closes from physiologic or postural
position to occlusion, there is reduction in the
strength of contraction from the resting position to
occlusal position
 Closure continues to normal occlusal level= rapid
diminution of contractile power
2. CONTRACTILITY
 Opposite result in a study showed:
 Open bite- 97lbs. of force
 Closed bite- 118lbs.(96-104lbs in female) of force
2. CONTRACTILITY
 muscle tetany- repeated stimulation of all
muscle fibers; four times than that of
“normal contraction”
 muscle strength = cross-sectional area
 example: 3 to 10kg per square cm of cross
section
PRINCIPLES OF MUSCLE
PHYSIOLOGY
 ELECTROMYOGRAM- best way to visualize the
innervation of a muscle
 guiding principles/ laws:

 ALL OR NONE LAW:
 applies only when muscle is in resting physiologic state
 MUSCLE TONUS
 state of slight constant tension which is a characteristic
of all healthy muscle and which serves to obviate the
muscle taking up slack when it enters upon contraction
 basis of reflex posture
PHYSIOLOGY
 RESTING LENGTH
 constant and predeterminable relationship, permitting
the maintenance of postural relations and dynamic
equilibrium by contraction of the minimanl number of
fibers, consistent with the demands of the particular
moment (muscle tonus)
 STRETCH, OR MYOTATIC REFLEXES

 reflex contraction of a healthy muscle which results
from a pull on its tendon
PHYSIOLOGY
 RECIPROCAL INNERVATION AND INHIBITION
 the inhibition of tonus or contractility of the muscle
may be brought by the excitation of its antagonist
 it is through antagonistic action that the motion of the
primary mover is controlled
THE BUCCINATOR
MECHANISM
BUCCINATOR MUSCLE
 thin, quadrilateral muscle between maxilla and mandible

 It forms the anterior part of the cheek or the lateral wall of the
oral cavity
BUCCINATOR MUSCLE
 ORIGIN
External alveolar margins of maxilla and mandible by molar
teeth, to maxillary tubercle and pterygoid hamulus and
posterior mylohyoid line respectively, then via
pterygomandibular raphe between bones
 INSERTION
Decussates at modulus of mouth and interdigitates with
opposite side
 ACTION
Aids mastication, tenses cheeks in blowing and whistling, aids
closure of mouth
 NERVE
Buccal branch of facial nerve (VII)
THE BUCCINATOR MECHANISM
 ENVIRONMENTAL BALANCE:
 MUSCULATURE
 major factor; potent force whether active or at rest
 influences teeth and supporting structures (integrity
of dental arches, relation of teeth to each other)
 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR
 contract relationship and resistance offered by
buttressing effect of contagious teeth
 Occlusal interdigitation
 Bone building resoption balance
 Actual size and shape of roots of teeth
 Total amount of periodontal fibres
 Stability depends on:
 Genetic
 Epigenetic
 Environmental
 Morphologic
 Physiologic factors
WINDERS
 During mastication and deglutition, tongue may
exert two or three times as much force on the
dentition as lips and cheeks at any one time
LEAR AND MOORREES
 Substantiate the imbalance of buccoligual
forces
 Limitation
 Measuring equipment
 Hydraulic nature of response
 Size of sample
 Geometry of dental arch
PROFFIT
 Labial pressures are easier to measure than
lingual pressures
BUCCINATOR MECHANISM
 The continuous band of muscle that encircle the dentition and

attach to the pharyngeal tubercle comprises the buccinator
mechanism
 start with the decussating fibers of the
orbicularis oris muscle joining right and left
fibers in the lips
 runs laterally and posteriorly around the corner
of the mouth
 insert into the pterygomandibular raphe
 intermingles with fibers of superior constrictor
muscle
 13 muscle attachments to the mandible

THE TONGUE
THE TONGUE
 opposes the buccinator mechanism
 EXTINSIC MUSCLES
 INFANCY: extrinsic, suspensory muscles attach
the tongue to osseous movement
 HYOGLOSSUS- attaches to the hyoid bone
 STYOGLOSSUS- attaches to the styloid process
 GENIOGLOSSUS- attaches to the mandible
 PALATOGLOSSUS- attaches to the palatine
aponeurosis
* genioglossus most involed in plunger-like suckle
swallow
THE TONGUE
 INTRINSIC MUSCLES:
 Longitudinal
 Inferior longitudinal
 Vertical
 Horizontal
THE TONGUE
 innervated by CN XII (Hyoglossus Nerve)
except palatoglossus
 tongue anchored only at one end:

 amazingly versatile functional possibilities
 permits the tongue to deform the dental arches
when function is abnormal (creating maxillary
incisor protrusion, open bite and narrowing
dental arch

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MYOLOGY

A. The Buccinators Mechanism

 normal relaxed muscle withstands only

 Actionof all muscle fibers (with same amount of

 Strengthof contraction depends on the number of

 Duringrest: peripheral fibers are called on by the

 guiding principles/ laws:

 STRETCH, OR MYOTATIC REFLEXES

 thin, quadrilateral muscle between maxilla and mandible

 The continuous band of muscle that encircle the dentition and

 13 muscle attachments to the mandible

 tongue anchored only at one end:

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