Moment Frames

Moment Resisting frames
• Moment-resisting frame is a rectilinear assemblage of

beams and columns, with the beams rigidly connected to
the columns.
• Resistance to lateral forces is provided primarily by
rigid frame action – that is, by the development of
bending moment and shear force in the frame members
and joints.
• By virtue of the rigid beam–column connections, a moment
frame cannot displace laterally without bending the beams
or columns depending on the geometry of the connection
What is rigid frame?
• A rigid frame system are comment system using in high rise building
in this years on the world that has more stability and less damage
due to Natural disasters like earthquake and wind load.
• A rigid-frame structure is a structure made up of linear elements,
typically beams and columns, that are connected to one another at
their ends with joints that do not allow any relative rotation to
happen between the ends of the members.
Examples or Applications of rigid frame system
Advantages
• Speedy construction due to simplicity in geometry – consist of only
columns and beams as the main structural elements
• Rigid and stable – able to resist tremendous vertical (dead load) and
lateral loads (wind)
• reduced dead load – absent of thick shear wall etc.
• Roofed over at an earlier stage – every floor slab being finished becomes
an cover to protect the lower floors from sun and rain
• offer large unobstructed floor areas – without obstacle between columns
• flexible utilization of space.
• Adaptable to almost any shape
• easily altered within limits of frame – regular or non-regular grid system is
very adaptable in spatial arrangement
• offsite preparation possible – especially for prefabricated construction
using precast concrete or structural steel elements
Evaluation of Structural System
Connections in rigid frame system
• The design of a rigid frame building is not much different from
others, essentially. Considering by held together and made stable
by very tight junctions of the members (column & beam).
• Similar to this, the structure of a rigid frame building is characterized
by its rigid connections of straight or tapered columns and beams.
That can be steel rigid frame or concrete rigid frame
Typical types of moment resisting connections
Behavior of rigid frames under different loads
• From the structural design point of view, tall (high-rise) buildings,
because of their unusual height, show a greater sensitivity to wind
and earthquake induced lateral loads than low-rise buildings.
Estimating those lateral loads which play an important role in the
design of tall buildings is more difficult than estimating vertical loads.
• Earthquake loads increase according to the building weight, and

wind loads increase according to the building height. For this
reason, wind loads, while they are generally an unimportant issue in
the design of structural systems for low- and mid-rise buildings, play
a decisive role in that of tall buildings, and can even be a cause of
large lateral drift (sway) that is more critical than that from
earthquake loads.
Difference between
moment frame and
post-beam connection
Multistory frames
Loads and Load Paths
• Structural Design
• Design Loads
– Dead Load
– Live Load
– Snow Load
– Lateral Loads
• Load Types
• Load Combinations
• Load Path
• Calculating Beam Loads
Steps in Structural Design
1. Planning – How will the building be supported?
2. Establishing the loads
3. Designing preliminary structural configuration and
layout
4. Analyzing structural members
5. Selecting preliminary structural members
6. Evaluating the preliminary design
7. Redesigning (if needed) – Repeat the above steps
as necessary to achieve a safe and efficient design
8. Designing and detailing the structural components
Design Loads
• The load that is assumed for the design

of a structure
• May include one or more of the
following:
Design Loads
Dead Loads (DL) – fixed
loads
− The weight of the building
components
− The weight of fixed service
equipment
Photos courtesy www.constructionphotographs.com

Design Loads
Live Loads (LL) – transient

and moving loads
− Loads produced by the use
and occupancy of a
building
©iStockphoto.com
− Live load may be variable

during a structure’s lifetime
− Specified in building codes
©iStockphoto.com
Design Loads
Snow Load
– Force of accumulated snow on a roof
– Specified in building codes (or local building
department)
– Depends on
• Location
• Exposure to wind
• Importance of building
• Roof slope
©iStockphoto.com
Design Loads
Design Snow Load Calculation
p s  0.7C s C e C t I s p g
ps  Design snow load
C s  Roof slope factor
Ce  Exposure factor
Ct  Thermal factor
I s  Importance factor
p g  Ground snow load
Design Snow Load
• Find the ground
snow load
• For Springfield, CO
(red dot) the snow
load is 15 psf
Ground Snow Load in psf
Minimum Snow Load

• If , then
• If , then
Design Loads
Lateral Loads
– Wind Loads
– Earthquake Loads
– Flood Loads
– Earth Pressure
Loads
Design Loads
I ND
W
Wind Load (WL) ure

s
r es Up
P
lif
− Resulting loads yield: t
• Lateral load on walls
• Downward and upward
pressure on roofs Suc
tion
• Overturning of the structure
− Specified in building codes

Design Loads
Earthquake Loads (EQ) Epicenter
− Vertical and lateral forces
(dynamic)
− Building codes can simplify Seismic
Forces at Base
loading of Building
Hypocenter
Design Loads
Flood Loads
– Lateral forces resulting from
static and dynamic water
pressure
– Building codes specify that
buildings be constructed Courtesy FEMA
above the flood elevation or BFE (Base Flood Elevation) – The

flood-proofed water surface elevation resulting
from a flood with a 1% chance of
• Design requirements dependent equaling or exceeding that level in
on flood zone any given year
Dry flood-proofing: Building must

be designed and constructed to
be watertight to floodwaters
Design Loads
GRADE
Soil Pressure Loads
– Soil adjacent to a
structure will apply a
lateral force
– Magnitude increases BASEMENT
with depth
SOIL
Load Types
Uniformly Distributed
Load
Concentrated Load
Load Combinations
• A building will be subjected to many
loads simultaneously
• Codes specify combinations of loads
that must be considered in the design
• Examples Where D = Dead load
L = Live load
• D + L + (Lr or S or R) Lr = Roof live load
• D+L+W W = Wind load
S = Snow load
• D + L + S + E/1.4 E = Earthquake load
R = Rain load
Design Loads
• The building dead load is the only known
load.
• All other forces will vary in magnitude,
duration, and location.
• The building is designed for design load
possibilities that may never occur.
Load Path
• The path that a load travels HVAC
through the structural
system
• “Tracing” or “chasing” the
loads
• Each structural element
must be designed for all
loads that pass through it
Load Path
Every load applied to the building will travel
through the structural system until it is transferred
to the supporting soil.
APPLIED
LOAD
Structural Elements
• Within the structural systems, individual
structural elements must work together to
carry and transfer the applied loads to the
ground.
• Examples of structural elements include:
“Load Chasing” for Structural Design
The structural design is performed by

“chasing the loads” of the dead and live
load from slabs to beams to girders, then
on to the columns or walls. The loads are
then carried down to the footing or
foundation walls and finally to the earth
below.
Girder
Beam
Column
Footing
Partial View of 2nd Floor Framing

For clarity the ground floor slab, 2nd floor slab, roof framing, and
roof deck are not shown.
Beam
Design Area
Girder
Partial 2nd FLOOR FRAMING PLAN Girder

Tributary Area 3’- 4” Half the
distance to each
adjacent beam
Beam B.3
6’-8”
Tributary
Width
Partial 2nd FLOOR FRAMING PLAN
Tributary Area = Beam Span (length) x Tributary

Width
Beam B.3
6'-8''
Tributary
Width
Beam Uniform Load = Floor Loading (psf) x Tributary Width (ft)

Beam B.3
6'-8''
Tributary
Width
Tributary Area = Beam Span (length) x Tributary

Width
Tributary Area = (18 ft) ∙ (6.67 ft) = 120 ft2
Calculating Beam Loading
Assume that the floor system must support
its own weight of 40 psf (dead load) and a
live load of 100 psf. What is the uniform
load applied to the beam?
Total Floor Load = 40 + 100 = 140psf
Uniform Load = Floor Load ∙ Tributary Width

 140 ftlb2  6.67 ft  934 plf
Calculating Girder Loading
Exterior
Girder
Beam
DESIGN AREA
Interior
Girder
Partial 2nd FLOOR FRAMING PLAN

Calculating Column Loads
Beam
Girder
1
2
(20 ft)  10 ft
Tributary Area = (18 ft)(20 ft) = 360 ft2

Assume that the floor system must support
its own weight of 40 psf (dead load) and a
live load of 100 psf. What is the column
load for column B3?
Total Floor Load = 40 + 100 = 140psf
Column Load = Tributary Area ∙ Total Floor Load
 (360 ft 2 )(140 ft1b2 )  50,400 lb

Earthquake zones of India

Moment Frames

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Moment Resisting frames

• Moment-resisting frame is a rectilinear assemblage of

• Earthquake loads increase according to the building weight, and

• The load that is assumed for the design

Photos courtesy www.constructionphotographs.com

Live Loads (LL) – transient

− Live load may be variable

Minimum Snow Load

Wind Load (WL) ure

− Specified in building codes

above the flood elevation or BFE (Base Flood Elevation) – The

Dry flood-proofing: Building must

The structural design is performed by

Partial View of 2nd Floor Framing

Partial 2nd FLOOR FRAMING PLAN Girder

Partial 2nd FLOOR FRAMING PLAN

Tributary Area = Beam Span (length) x Tributary

Beam Uniform Load = Floor Loading (psf) x Tributary Width (ft)

Tributary Area = Beam Span (length) x Tributary

Total Floor Load = 40 + 100 = 140psf

Uniform Load = Floor Load ∙ Tributary Width

Partial 2nd FLOOR FRAMING PLAN

Tributary Area = (18 ft)(20 ft) = 360 ft2

Total Floor Load = 40 + 100 = 140psf

Column Load = Tributary Area ∙ Total Floor Load

 (360 ft 2 )(140 ft1b2 )  50,400 lb

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