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    Control Chapter 1

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    Wilmar Antonio Zuluaga Arango
    The document is an introduction to automatic process control that discusses the basics of maintaining process variables like temperature and pressure at desired levels using control systems. It introduces important terms like controlled variable, manipulated variable, and set point and explains the components of control systems like sensors, controllers, and final control elements. Diagrams called P&IDs (piping and instrumentation diagrams) that depict process equipment and instrumentation using standard symbols are also introduced.

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    Control Chapter 1

    Uploaded by

    Wilmar Antonio Zuluaga Arango
    82 views19 pages
    The document is an introduction to automatic process control that discusses the basics of maintaining process variables like temperature and pressure at desired levels using control systems. It introduces important terms like controlled variable, manipulated variable, and set point and explains the components of control systems like sensors, controllers, and final control elements. Diagrams called P&IDs (piping and instrumentation diagrams) that depict process equipment and instrumentation using standard symbols are also introduced.

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    The document is an introduction to automatic process control that discusses the basics of maintaining process variables like temperature and pressure at desired levels using control systems. It introduces important terms like controlled variable, manipulated variable, and set point and explains the components of control systems like sensors, controllers, and final control elements. Diagrams called P&IDs (piping and instrumentation diagrams) that depict process equipment and instrumentation using standard symbols are also introduced.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    82 views19 pages

    Control Chapter 1

    Uploaded by

    Wilmar Antonio Zuluaga Arango
    The document is an introduction to automatic process control that discusses the basics of maintaining process variables like temperature and pressure at desired levels using control systems. It introduces important terms like controlled variable, manipulated variable, and set point and explains the components of control systems like sensors, controllers, and final control elements. Diagrams called P&IDs (piping and instrumentation diagrams) that depict process equipment and instrumentation using standard symbols are also introduced.

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    You are on page 1of 19

    CHAPTER 1

    INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATIC
    PROCESS CONTROL

    IVAN PORTNOY, Ph.D.

    MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT


    INTRODUCTION
     All processes are dynamic. Steady-state operation is not the rule, but the
    exception!.

     Process control takes care of maintaining process variables at desired values,


    variables such as temperature, pressure, flow, level, etc.

     Whenever a deviation of the variables from their desired values occurs,


    corrective actions must be taken in order to recover the operating condition.
    If not, security, quality, and production rate conditions might not be
    accomplished.
    M-D-A
    SP
    TC
    Controller 22

    Steam

    Final control
    element
    Transmit er

    Process TT
    22

    fluid
    Ti(t) T (t) Sensor

    Condensate
    return
    IMPORTANT TERMS

    • Controlled Variable

    • Manipulated Variable

    • Set Point

    • Disturbance

    • Regulatory Control

    • Servo Control
    MANUAL CONTROL VS AUTOMATIC CONTROL

    The measurement-decision-action procedure can be easily carried out by an operator.


    Nevertheless, this manual control has many drawbacks:
    • This task demands the operator to be constantly looking at the controlled variable
    to take the required corrective actions.
    • Different operators will make different decisions on how to move the steam valve,
    causing a non-consistent operation.
    • Since in most plants there are hundreds of variables to be controlled, a large
    number of operators would be required.
    Therefore, systems which can perform process control without the operators’
    intervention are convenient. This is called automatic process control.
    BASIC COMPONENTS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS

    • Sensor/Transmitter: Associated with the Measurement (M)

    • Final Control Element: Associated with the Action (A)

    • Controller: Associated with the Decision (D)


    REGULATORY AND SERVO CONTROL

    Regulatory Control: Designed for processes where the


    controlled variable is deviated from setpoint mainly due to
    disturbances.

    Servo Control: Designed for processes where setpoint can


    change as a function of time and the controlled variable must
    follow it.
    P&ID
    (Piping/Process and Instrumentation Drawing)

    Sets of symbols are used to depict mechanical equipment, piping


    components, valves, instrumentation and control components (Based
    on ISA-5.1-1984-(R1992)).

    See Appendix A of the book!.


    P&ID
    (Piping/Process and Instrumentation Drawing)

    Process Piping and Sub-piping


    P&ID
    (Piping/Process and Instrumentation Drawing)
    Signals
    P&ID
    (Piping/Process and Instrumentation Drawing)
    Naming Rules
    P&ID
    (Piping/Process and Instrumentation Drawing)
    Naming Rules: Examples
    P&ID
    (Piping/Process and Instrumentation Drawing)
    Symbols
    P&ID
    (Piping/Process and Instrumentation Drawing)
    Final Control Elements
    P&ID
    (Piping/Process and Instrumentation Drawing)
    Final Control Elements
    P&ID
    (Piping/Process and Instrumentation Drawing)
    Control Loop
    P&ID
    (Piping/Process and Instrumentation Drawing)
    P&ID
    Example
    P&ID
    Example

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