PWR-1101 Presentation v1.0

PWR-1101
Battery Technology and

Power Management
Agenda
Battery Technology
Demo 1: Lithium Ion Charge & Discharge
Demo 2: Multi-Chemistry Battery Charger
Transferring Battery Energy to the
System Load
Charging Batteries
Battery Safety and Authentication
Battery Maintenance and Operation
© 2008 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. PWR-1101 Slide 2

Battery Technology
Instructor Demo 1
Power Path Management to Charge & Discharge Lithium Ion Batteries
Power Path Management to Charge &
Discharge Li-Ion Batteries
System Load Sharing and Battery
Charge Management (part # MCP73871)
Simultaneously Powers the System and
charges the Li-Ion battery
External supply can be USB or AC/DC wall
adaptor
Switches to battery power
when external power is
unavailable

Instructor Demo 2
Multi-Chemistry Battery Charger Design with MCP1631 and PICmicro®
Multi-Chemistry Battery Charger
Design with MCP1631 and PICmicro®
MCP1631 high speed PWM

Integrates a MOSFET driver,
voltage and current sense and
overvoltage protection
PICmicro® controls the
switching frequency and
reference voltage
MCP1631 and PICmicro® are
used to regulate voltage or
current for a programmable
switch mode battery charger
Battery Technology
Battery System Design Considerations

Battery Definitions
Popular Battery Chemistries
Disposable and Rechargeable
Comparisons
New Rechargeable Battery Chemistries
Other Portable Power Sources
Solar Cell
Fuel Cell
Super Cap
Battery System
Design Considerations
Constraints and Limitations

Space
Performance
Cost
Safety
Regulation
Time-to-Market

Battery Definitions
Definition
Theoretical voltage is the standard potential of a battery,

which is determined by the type of active materials
contained in the battery.
Theoretical Voltage (E0) = cathode - anode

reduction potential oxidation potential
Theoretical Voltage for a NiCd battery:
Cathode: 2NiO(OH) + 2H2O + 2e- 2Ni(OH)2 + 2OH- = 0.52V

Anode: Cd + 2OH- Cd(OH)2 + 2e- = -0.81V
Standard Potential:
© 2008 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. PWR-1101 0.52 - (-0.81) = 1.33V Slide 10
Battery Definitions
Definition
Theoretical capacity is the amount of charge available

expressed in ampere-hours (Ah)
The theoretical capacity is related to the

amount of active materials in the battery,
the amount of electrolyte, and the
surface area of the plates

Battery Definitions
Definition
C-rate is a measurement of the battery charge or discharge

current relative to its capacity
A 1000mAh battery would provide 1000mA

for one hour if discharged at 1C rate
1C is often referred to as a one-hour

charge or discharge
0.5C is a 2 hour charge or discharge
0.1C is a 10 hour charge or discharge

Battery Definitions
Definition
Self-discharge is battery capacity loss during storage due

to the internal leakage between the positive and negative
cell plates.
High cycle numbers, calendar (shelf) life

and high temp contribute to acceleration
of self discharge.
Battery self discharge rate doubles for
every 10 °C.
Minimizing Self Discharge
Self-Discharge
Chemistry Rate/Month
Follow
Alkaline ~0.3%
manufacturers
recommendations
SLA 2% - 8%
for state of charge
Store batteries in NiCd 15% - 20%
cool temperatures
Trickle charge for NiMH 20% - 30%
SLA & NiCD
Li-Ion 3% - 5%

Self Discharge Rates
Source: BatteryData.com
Popular Battery Chemistries
Primary Batteries Secondary Batteries

(disposable) (rechargeable)
Zinc Air Sealed Lead Acid (SLA)

Zinc Carbon Rechargeable Alkaline
Silver Oxide NiCd
Lithium Li-Ion
Alkaline NiMH
Low Self Discharge NiMH
Sanyo’s Eneloop
LiFePO4
(Lithium Iron Phosphate)

Battery Chemistry Comparison
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r/K
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lta
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ei gy
l ta t
lta e
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(
g
Vo
r
ge
Vo er
W er
Vo ar
Vo pe
p
En
En
h
Chemistry
d
O
C
En
Alkaline 145 400 1.2 1.6 0.9 NA
SLA 30-50 50-80 2.0 2.25 1.75 2.8
NiCd 40-80 100-150 1.2 1.3 0.9 1.6
NiMH 60-120 160-230 1.2 1.3 0.9 1.5
Li-Ion 110-160 210-320 3.6 4.2 2.8 4.2

Battery Chemistry Comparison
e
ge
rg
)

C
t h ar
le ha
(°
(m
)
r.)
%
(m ge
on sch
re
yc c
-h
ra g
(
t
e
e ar
C is
pe in
os
tu
is al
A
nc
D s
r M Di
at h
m rat
es n
C
R c
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ta
pe lf-
R ter
Te pe
al
rg
i
Se
Chemistry
In
i ti
ha
In
C
Alkaline 0.3 100-300 1 0.25C -20 ~ +55 Very
Low
SLA 2-8 2.5-25 300 <15C -20 ~ +50 Low
NiCd 15-20 3.5-300 1000 <10C -40 ~ +60 Low
NiMH 20-30 10-400 500 <3C -20 ~ +60 Med
Li-Ion 3-5 150-250 1000 <2C -20 ~ +60 High

Rechargeable Battery Summary
Battery Advantages Disadvantages

Low Cost Low Energy Density
SLA
High C-rate Not Environmentally Friendly
High Cycle Life Relatively Low Energy Density
NiCd Excellent Load Performance Not Environmentally Friendly
Economically Priced Memory Effect
High Energy Density Requires Protection Circuitry
Li-Ion Relatively Low Self Discharge Aging even when unused
Low Maintenance – No “Memory” High Initial Cost
30-40% Higher Capacity Than NiCd Limited Cycle Life
NiMH Less Prone To “Memory” vs. NiCd Limited Load Performance
Environmentally Friendly High Self Discharge
Low Self Discharge Lower capacity than standard NiMH
LSD NiMH
Same chemistry & charging as NiMH
High C-rate Very Expensive
LiFePO4
Wide Operational Temperature Hard to get info from suppliers

Low Self Discharge (LSD) NiMH
Standard NiMH chemistry but with improved

separator
Uses standard NiMH chargers
Holds ~85% Capacity From Factory
~ 1000 life cycles
Common Form Factors
AA, AAA, C, D
Image Courtesy Sanyo

Low Self Discharge (LSD) NiMH
Charge & Discharge Curves for

Sanyo Eneloop AAA Pre-Charged NiMH
Image Courtesy Sanyo

Battery Cell Capacity: 800 mAh

LiFePO4 (Lithium Iron Phosphate)
Advantages: Applications:
High Charge and Power Tools
Discharge Rate Electronic Bikes
Small Internal Automotive
Resistance Toys (high C-Rate)
Long Cycle Life
Wide Temp Range
Environment Friendly

Examples of LiFePO4 Battery Specs
A123 Systems, USA: PHET, Taiwan:

3.3V Nominal Voltage 3.2V Nominal Voltage
3.6V Charge Voltage 3.6V Charge Voltage
Charge Algorithm: CC/CV Charge Algorithm: CC/CV
Max. Discharge Current Max. Discharge Rate 15C
70A (25°C) (25°C)
Temp Range: -50°C ~ 60°C Temp Range: -45°C ~ 70°C

A123 System’s M1 Performance
Image Courtesy A123 System

Other Portable Power Sources
Solar Cell (Photovoltaic Cell)
Needs a rechargeable battery for
continuous operation
Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC)

Input: Methanol liquid
Output: voltage, water vapor and CO2
Super Capacitor
Capacitances from 1 to 100’s of Farads
Low energy density and ESR
Can be used as energy
storage for solar cell
EnerChip is an alternative
Solar Cell (Photovoltaic Cell)
External solar cell

portable device charger
Portable device with

attached solar cell
Under LCD built-in

solar cell
(May not be ready for production)
Glass
LCD
Solar Cell
Need rechargeable batteries for continuous operation

Can be used to charge batteries

Methanol is easy to store and transport
liquid @ room temp and ambient pressure
(unlike Hydrogen)
Bi-products are water vapor and
carbon dioxide
Used in low power applications:
mobile phones
MP3 players
Laptops
Image Courtesy MTI MicroFuel Cells Inc.

Hybrid fuel cell system with Li-Ion battery
10 ml Methanol allows 60
hour MP3 player run time
Direct Methanol
Fuel Cell
Product Images courtesy of the manufacturers

5V output backup fuel cell charger and cradle
Fuel Cells on Airplanes
Department of Transportation (DOT)

Final Rule (04/30/2008)
Effective Date: October 1, 2008
DOT permits certain fuel cell cartridges and fuel cell
systems designed for portable electronics devices to
be transported by passengers and crew in carry-on
baggage on board.
Limits: No more than two spare fuel cell cartridges per
passenger. Please refer to Federal Register: April 30,
2008 (Volume 73, Number 84) Sec. 175.10 for detail.

Transferring Battery Energy
to the System Load
to the System Load
System Design Considerations

Typical Discharge Curves
Energy Transfer Topologies and Examples
Linear Regulator (LDO)
Buck Switch-mode Converter
Boost Switch-mode Converter
SEPIC (buck / boost) Switch-mode Converter
System Design Tips to Extend Battery Life

Efficiency (How long will battery last)

Cost
Input/Output Voltage Range
Output Current Range
Sleep Mode Current
Size (PCB Area)
EMI Concerns

Li-Ion
4.4
4.2
4.0
Battery Voltage (V)
3.8
3.6
.25C .1C
3.4 .5C
3.2
3.0
.75C
2.8 1C
2.6
2.4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Time (hrs)

NiMH (Low Rate)
GP 320 mAh Battery Model: GP30AAAAH

NiMH (High Rate)
GP 320 mAh Battery Model: GP30AAAAH

Efficiently Transferring Battery
Energy to the System Load
Energy Transfer Topologies and
Examples
Why Choose a Linear Regulator?
Advantages Disadvantages
Lower Cost Power Dissipation
Smaller Size Step Down Only
Ease of Use
Low Noise
LDO stands for “Low Drop Out”. A low differential

(or drop) between the regulator input and maximum
output voltage is desirable.
Linear Regulator Efficiency
LDO Efficiency? LDO

Vout * Iout
Eff  VIN VOUT
Vin * Iout  Vin * Ignd
When IGND << IOUT -
VS EA
+ +
Vout +
VREF
Eff  -
Vin
GND

Linear Regulator Efficiency
MCP1700 vs TC1017
Linear Regulator Efficiency vs. Output Current
80.00
70.00
MCP1700 75.75%
60.00
Ultra Low IQ LDO
Iq = 1.6 m A
Efficiency (%)
50.00
40.00 TC1017 Low IQ LDO

Iq = 53 mA
30.00
VS = 3.3V
20.00 VO = 2.5V
10.00
0.00
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00
Output Current (mA)
Why Choose a Higher IQ LDO?
Higher Quiescent Current Means:

Better Line and Load Step Performance
Better Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR)
MCP1700 Load Step Response
140 uS
TC1017 Load Step Response
200 nS

to the System Load

Examples
Why Choose a Buck Topology?
Efficiency Pulsed Input Current
Low Complexity Higher Parts Count
Wide Operating Range than LDO
High Power Step Down Step Down Only

Buck Converter: Areas of Power Loss
Conduction Losses (I2R)
Turn on Losses and
And Core Losses
Conduction Losses
VO
L1
VS + Q1
Q2 D1
C1
Forward Voltage Drop (VFD)

Synchronous Rectification Improves Efficiency

Methods of Controlling Output
V T Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM)

tON
Fixed Frequency
ΔVOUT Variable Duty-cycle
Low Output Ripple
V T
tON
Pulse-Frequency Modulation (PFM)
Variable Frequency
ΔVOUT Fixed on Time
High Output Ripple

Modes of Operation
PWM for high loads

Constant Switching Freq, Low Output Ripple
Excess Switching, Excess Bias Current Draw
PFM for light loads

Minimized Switching
Higher Output Ripple, Variable Switching Freq
Device Shutdown for no load

Minimize Bias Current Draw
PWM Buck Solution
MCP1612
MCP1612: Synchronous Buck Regulator

Continuous PWM Operation
Constant Switching Frequency: FSW = 1.4 MHz
IQ = 5 mA typical
Shutdown Current = 0.01 µA (typ)
Fast Dynamic Response to Changes in Input
Voltage or Load Current
Input: Output:
2.7V to 5.5V MCP1612 Buck 0.8V to 5.0V @ 1A

PFM/PWM Buck Solution
TC1303
TC1303: Synch Buck Regulator and LDO

Switcher Uses PFM or PWM based on load
current to optimize efficiency
Total IQ = 65 µA typical
Features
Power Good, Output Sequencing, Shutdown
Control
Output:
Input: Buck (fixed and adjustable 0.8V to 4.5V @ 500mA)
2.7V to 5.5V TC1303
LDO (fixed 1.5V, 1.8V, 2.5V, 3.3V @ 300mA)
Power Good

Buck Switcher Efficiency
Under light load conditions,
TC1303B improves efficiency by
switching to PFM mode
100%
90%
80%
TC1303B
Efficiency
70%
60%
MCP1612
50%
VIN = 3.6V
40% VOUT = 1.8V
TC1303B LDO
Shutdown
30%
10 100 1000
Output Current (mA)
Energy Transfer Demonstration
TC1303B Demo Board
After 4 hours of
running the system,
how much battery Buck Output
capacity was used?
Input Current for Buck = 111 mA
IBuck = 200 mA
Input Current for LDO = 200 mA
VBuck = 1.8V
Total IIN = 311 mA
RL = 9
Answer: 73.2%
ILDO = 200 mA
3.6V
VLDO = 2.5V 1.7 Ah
RL = 12.5 Li-Ion
LDO Output IIN
Part Number: TC1303BDM-DDBK1

to the System Load

Examples
Why Choose a Boost Converter?
VOUT > VIN Only Step-up Capability
Continuous or Non-isolated
Discontinuous Modes Can’t Turn Off the Output
for Energy Transfer
No Short Circuit
Low Input Current Protection
Ripple in Continuous
Mode Operation
Boost Circuit Inductor Volt-Time

v1 VO
Must be Equal
VS L1 D1
+
VS * tON = (VO - VS) * tOFF
Q1 C1
D = (VO - VS) / VO
Where Would a Boost be Used?
High Voltage Bias Supply

White LED Lighting
Multiple LEDs in Series
LCD Backlighting
Flashlights
Display Biasing
Piezo Drive

Why Choose a SEPIC Converter?
VOUT <=> VIN Two Inductors
Smooth Input Current Coupling Capacitor
Low Side Switch & High Switch Current
Current Sense
Capacitively Isolated
SEPIC Circuit
Inherent Reverse L1 C1 D1
Blocking VO
VS
+
Q1 L2 C2

Microchip Solutions
for Battery Chargers
Mindi
Microchip’s
online circuit
design and
simulation tool
Designs and
simulates
battery charger
circuits based
on your
requirements

System Design Tips
to Extend Battery Life
Regulator Shutdown
Low Quiescent
Current LDO (TC1017)
Ultra Low Quiescent
Current LDO (MCP1700)
Microchip Micros PIC18LF8722
with nanoWatt™
Technology
Sleep & Idle modes
Flexible clocking

Charging Batteries
Example Charger Flow Chart
Battery Detection
Insert Battery
(Charge Begins)
Battery Condition Check Precondition
VBAT > VPTH

Charge Mode
YES
Error/Fault
Warning & Actions .err
Detection Automatic Recharge If Applicable
NO
Qualified
Termination Check Charge Complete

NO
VBAT < VRECHARGE
Repeat Charge Mode SOH Monitor

NiCd/NiMH Charge Algorithm
Constant
Precondition Current Top Off
Battery 0.8V -ΔV

Charge
Voltage Termination
0 1.0C
Charge
Current 0.2C 0.05C
0
ΔT
Battery Δt
Temperature
0
Time

Li-Ion Charge Algorithm
Constant Constant Charge
Precondition Current Voltage Termination
4.2V 4.2V
Battery
Voltage 2.8V
0 1.0C
Charge
Current 0.1C
0.07C
0
Battery
Temperature
0
Time
LiFePO4 Charge Algorithm
Constant Constant Charge
Precondition Current Voltage Termination
3.6V 3.6V
Battery
Voltage 2.5V
0 1.0C – 4.3C
Charge
Current 0.1C IMIN or Timer
0
Battery
Temperature
0
Time
Rechargeable Alkaline
Charge Algorithm
Constant Floating
Voltage Charge
1.7V
Battery
Voltage 0.9V
0
~ 0.1C
Charge
Current
0

SLA Charge Algorithm-A
Const Const Const

Current Current Current Float
@ 1C @ .5C @ .25C @ .01C
2.75V
2.50V
2.25V
Battery
Voltage
0 1.0C
Charge 0.5C
Current 0.25C
0.01C
0
Time

SLA Charge Algorithm-B
Constant Constant Floating

Current Voltage Charge
2.5V
Battery
Voltage 2.0V
0 1.0C
Charge
Current 0.01C
0

Battery Safety
Overcharge, Over-discharge
Overvoltage, Overcurrent
Over-temperature
Battery Authentication
Mechanical Key
Thermistor
Battery Serial Number Validation
KEELOQ® Encryption Engine

Overcharge
Definition
Overcharge is the forcing of current into a battery after it

has been fully charged.
Methods To Prevent Overcharge

Proper Termination Methods or Combinations
Charging Timer
Warning via User Interface

Over-discharge
(Under Voltage)
Definition
Over-discharge is the forcing of current out of a battery

after it has been fully discharged.
Methods To Prevent Over-discharge

Battery Protection Circuit Opens When Battery
Voltage Falls Below Threshold
Introduce additional housekeeping design to
warn end-user or to shutdown system in
advance.
Cell Reversal In Multi-Cell
Definition
Cell Reversal happens when one deep discharged or weak

cell reverses its polarity due to current being forced out of
the cell.
Methods To Prevent Cell Reversal:

Select good quality cell manufacturer to
avoid mismatched cells
Individual cell voltage can be monitored
during charge or discharge
Weak cells can be temporarily removed
from the circuit
Charging Discharging
Current Current
Well balanced cells

charge and discharge
at the same rate

Charging Discharging
Current Current
A weak cell charges

and discharges faster
Overcharge
than stronger cells
Cell Reversal
Over-discharge

Cell Balancing
Necessary for multiple cell in series

package
Prevent overcharge of strongest cell
in a pack
Prevent cell reversal (over discharge)
of weakest cell in a pack
Cell Balancing requires access to
individual cells

Overvoltage
Definition
Overvoltage is when the voltage of a cell or battery pack

exceeds the manufacturer specifications.
Methods To Prevent Overvoltage

Apply overvoltage protection IC or housekeeping
feature from MCU
Use a high accuracy charge management controller
Don’t set charge voltage reference point above specs

Overcurrent
Definition
Overcurrent is when the current to or from a battery

exceeds the manufacturer specifications.
Methods To Prevent Overcurrent

Apply proper termination methods
Only apply floating charge to required
chemistries
Implement multiple termination methods

Thermal Protection
Definition
Over-temperature protection prevents battery operation

above temperature specifications.
To Prevent Over-temperature
A thermistor in the battery can monitor
temperature
A micro can disconnect the battery if it gets
too hot
Charge and discharge temperature limits
may be different

Battery Authentication
Prevents overstressing a counterfeit

or incompatible battery
Primarily a safety concern
Needed before charging and discharging
Low Security High Security

Examples Examples
Mechanical Key KEELOQ® Encryption
Thermistor XTEA Encryption
Battery Serial
Number Validation
Mechanical Key
Create a custom interface between

the portable device and its battery
Simple and low cost security
Easy to counterfeit

Thermistor
Thermistor is used to
ensure the battery is
working and charging
in the appropriate
temperature window
Also serve as key to
initiate the battery
system
Easy to counterfeit

Battery Serial Number Validation
The battery pack transmits its serial

number to the portable device
The portable device determines if the
serial number is valid
Compact and low cost
Easy to counterfeit

KEELOQ® is Microchip’s proprietary

encryption engine
For more details see application note AN827 or
www.microchip.com/keeloq
Implementations:
Hardware peripheral in
PIC12F635 or PIC16F636
Software in PICmicro®
(PIC10F200 ~$0.40)
Standalone encoder/decoders
(HCS family)

Portable Device 32 bit Battery Pack
Challenge
Random #
Generator KEELOQ
Encrypt
KEELOQ
Decrypt 32 bit
Are they
Response Crypt
equal ?
Key
Crypt
Key
Enable or
Disable
Device

Battery Maintenance and Operation
Battery Maintenance and
Operation
Aging
Fuel Gauge
Cell Balancing
Operating Environment
Storage
User Responsibilities

Aging
Cycle Life
Maximum number of charge and discharge cycles
Calendar Life (Shelf Life)
Li-Ion batteries have a useful life of about 3
years from the date of manufacture
NiMH Batteries have a useful life of about 5
years from the date of manufacture
Li-Ion will probably die from old age
before it reaches its usable cycle life
NiMH will probably die from cycle life
before it reaches its usable shelf life
Battery Fuel Gauge Diagram
LCD
Battery Voltage = 3.7 V
Discharging Current = 200 mA MCU
Charging Current = 1000 mA
PIC18F4550
Fuel Used = 420 mAH
Remaining Fuel = 580 mAH
Remaining Fuel = 58%
STAT PROG
sw2 Li-Ion
I Sensor charger
VBAT MCP73831
sw1
Charging
Current
Ch 1 Ch 2
Load
ADC Discharging
MCP3422 Current
I2C
2 Ch 18 bit
Cold
Battery performance (mAh & cell voltage)

drops at low temps
Batteries can operate in subfreezing
temps but may not be able to charge
The discharge rate may be limited

Hot
Chemical reactions perform better with

high temp but….
Charging or discharging batteries at high
temps may reduce the cycle life and
capacity
Self-discharge is accelerated

Storage
You will read things like:

Recommended Battery Storage State of
Charge: 40%
Store Batteries In Dry and Cool Environment
Don’t store NiMH and Li-Ion fully charged or
in hot ambient temp.
This is all anecdotal….
REFER TO BATTERY VENDORS
RECOMMENDATIONS!

References
References
Microchip Battery Related Web Sites:
www.microchip.com/battery
www.microchip.com/mindi
Parts used for class demos:

Li-Ion demo
MCP73871EV eval board
Nokia 6110 cell phone battery
Multi Chemistry demo
MCP1631RD-MCC1 eval board
Panasonic NiCd cordless phone battery (P-P510A)
References
Application Notes
AN246: Driving the Analog Inputs of a SAR A/D Converter
AN693: Understanding A/D Converter Performance
AN793: Power Management in Portable Applications:
Understanding the Buck Switch Mode Power
Converter
AN947: Power Management in Portable Applications:
Charging Lithium Polymer Batteries
AN960: New Components and Design Methods Bring
Intelligence to Battery Charger Applications
AN968: Simple Synchronous Buck Regulator - MCP1612
AN971: USB Port-Powered Li-Ion/Li-Polymer Battery
Charging
Battery Reference Web Sites
Battery Technology
http://peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:Batteries
Battery News
http://www.atbatt.com/news/c/2/Battery_News.asp
Battery Man Magazine
http://www.batterycouncil.org
Battery Power Online Magazine
http://www.batterypoweronline.com
Battery Data
http://batterydata.com
Buying Batteries
http://www.budgetbatteries.com
http://www.batteryfuel.com
http://www.all-battery.com
© 2008 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. TLS-2130 Slide 91
Battery Reference Books
Battery Reference Book, Third Edition

by T.R. Crompton
only $385.00!
Handbook of Solid State Batteries and

Capacitors
by P.S.S. Prasad and M.Z.A. Munshi
only $177.00
© 2008 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. TLS-2130 Slide 92

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PWR-1101

Battery Technology and

© 2008 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. PWR-1101 Slide 2

© 2008 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. PWR-1101 Slide 5

MCP1631 high speed PWM

Battery System Design Considerations

Constraints and Limitations

© 2008 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. PWR-1101 Slide 9

Theoretical voltage is the standard potential of a battery,

Theoretical Voltage (E0) = cathode - anode

Theoretical Voltage for a NiCd battery:

Cathode: 2NiO(OH) + 2H2O + 2e- 2Ni(OH)2 + 2OH- = 0.52V

Theoretical capacity is the amount of charge available

The theoretical capacity is related to the

© 2008 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. PWR-1101 Slide 11

C-rate is a measurement of the battery charge or discharge

A 1000mAh battery would provide 1000mA

1C is often referred to as a one-hour

© 2008 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. PWR-1101 Slide 12

Self-discharge is battery capacity loss during storage due

High cycle numbers, calendar (shelf) life

© 2008 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. PWR-1101 Slide 14

Primary Batteries Secondary Batteries

Zinc Air Sealed Lead Acid (SLA)

© 2008 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. PWR-1101 Slide 16

SLA 30-50 50-80 2.0 2.25 1.75 2.8

NiCd 40-80 100-150 1.2 1.3 0.9 1.6

NiMH 60-120 160-230 1.2 1.3 0.9 1.5

Li-Ion 110-160 210-320 3.6 4.2 2.8 4.2

© 2008 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. PWR-1101 Slide 17

SLA 2-8 2.5-25 300 <15C -20 ~ +50 Low

NiCd 15-20 3.5-300 1000 <10C -40 ~ +60 Low

NiMH 20-30 10-400 500 <3C -20 ~ +60 Med

Li-Ion 3-5 150-250 1000 <2C -20 ~ +60 High

© 2008 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. PWR-1101 Slide 18

Battery Advantages Disadvantages

© 2008 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. PWR-1101 Slide 19

Standard NiMH chemistry but with improved

Image Courtesy Sanyo

Charge & Discharge Curves for

Image Courtesy Sanyo

© 2008 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. PWR-1101 Slide 21

© 2008 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. PWR-1101 Slide 22

A123 Systems, USA: PHET, Taiwan:

© 2008 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. PWR-1101 Slide 23

Image Courtesy A123 System

Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC)

External solar cell

Portable device with

Under LCD built-in

Need rechargeable batteries for continuous operation

Can be used to charge batteries

Image Courtesy MTI MicroFuel Cells Inc.

Product Images courtesy of the manufacturers

Department of Transportation (DOT)

© 2008 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. PWR-1101 Slide 29

System Design Considerations

© 2008 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. PWR-1101 Slide 31

Efficiency (How long will battery last)

© 2008 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. PWR-1101 Slide 32