57:015 Materials Science

Course Objective...
Introduce fundamental concepts in Materials
Science
You will learn about:
• material structure
• how structure dictates properties
• how processing can change structure
This course will help you to:
• use materials properly
• realize new design opportunities
with materials

Chapter 1 - 1
 LECTURES
Lecturer: Prof. David Rethwisch 4138 SC; 335-1413
Office Hours: 9:30-10:30 am Tuesday
2:30-3:30 pm Wednesday
(or by appointment)
Time: Tuesday and Thursday 8:05-9:20 a.m.
Location: 1505 SC
Activities:
• Present new material
• Take quizzes and midterms*
*Make-ups given only for emergencies.
*Discuss potential conflicts beforehand.

Chapter 1 - 2
 LABORATORY SECTIONS
Instructor: Prof. Allan Guymon 4125 SC; 335-5051
Office Hours: 9:30-10:30 a.m. Tuesday and Thursday

Place: 3249 SC
Purpose: To learn more about materials by relating
lecture material with observations. Also to learn to properly
formulate and write engineering reports and proposals.

Laboratories start next week.

Chapter 1 - 3
 TEACHING ASSISTANTS

Name E-mail
Kazeem Olanrewaju kolanrew@engineering.uiowa.edu
Jennifer Nzegwu jennifer-nzegwu@uiowa.edu
Will Wortman william-wortman@uiowa.edu

Teaching Assistants will

• Direct laboratory sessions,
• Participate in grading of quizzes and laboratory
reports.

Chapter 1 - 4
 COURSE MATERIAL
Required text:
• Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction
W.D. Callister, Jr., 7th edition, John Wiley and Sons,
Inc. (2007). Both book and WileyPlus (which includes
the e-book) are needed.

Required calculator:
• Simple inexpensive scientific calculator with no
memories, such as TI-30XA, required for exams
and quizzes.

Chapter 1 - 5
 COURSE WEBSITES
Main Site: http://css.engineering.uiowa.edu/~matsci
• Syllabus
• Lecture schedule and recommended homework
• Lab descriptions
• General information

ICON and WileyPlus Sites:

http://icon.uiowa.edu
•Grades (labs, quizzes, and exams)
•Lecture notes
•Answer keys
•Online homework assignments
•Online quizzes

Chapter 1 - 6
 TEXTBOOK WEBSITE
Text Website: http://www.wiley.com/college/callister
• Additional Chapters (Chapters 19-23)
• Complete solutions to selected problems
• Links to other web resources
• Extended learning objectives
• Self-assessment exercises

Chapter 1 - 7
 GRADING
Weekly quizzes (9) & homework 200
Your lowest quiz grade will be dropped
Midterm #1 200
Midterm #2 200
Final 200
Laboratory 200
3 lab reports @50 points each, lab notebook = 50
Project 200
Proposal = 50 pts, 2-minute presentation = 20 pts,
Progress reports 2@20 pts each, final oral presentation
= 40 pts, final written report = 50 pts. Total = 200 pts

Total 1200
Chapter 1 - 8
 Chapter 1 - Introduction
• What is materials science?
• Why should we know about it?

• Materials drive our society

– Stone Age
– Bronze Age
– Iron Age
– Now?
• Silicon Age?
• Polymer Age?

Chapter 1 - 9
 Example – Hip Implant
• With age or certain illnesses joints deteriorate.
Particularly those with large loads (such as hip).

Adapted from Fig. 22.25, Callister 7e.

Chapter 1 - 10
 Example – Hip Implant

• Requirements
– mechanical
strength (many
cycles)
– good lubricity
– biocompatibility

Adapted from Fig. 22.24, Callister 7e.

Chapter 1 - 11
Example – Hip Implant

Adapted from Fig. 22.26, Callister 7e. Chapter 1 - 12

 Hip Implant
• Key problems to overcome
– fixation agent to hold Ball
acetabular cup
– cup lubrication material
– femoral stem – fixing agent
Acetabular
(“glue”)
Cup and Liner
– must avoid any debris in cup

Femoral
Stem
Adapted from chapter-opening
photograph, Chapter 22, Callister 7e.

Chapter 1 - 13
Example – Develop New Types of
Polymers
• Commodity plastics – large volume ca. $0.50 / lb
Ex. Polyethylene
Polypropylene
Polystyrene
etc.

•  Engineering Resins – small volume > $1.00 / lb

Ex. Polycarbonate
Nylon
Polysulfone
etc.
 
Can polypropylene be “upgraded” to properties (and price) near
those of engineering resins?

Chapter 1 - 14
 Structure, Processing, & Properties
• Properties depend on structure
ex: hardness vs structure of steel

(d)

600
Hardness (BHN)

30 m
500 (c)
Data obtained from Figs. 10.30(a)
400 (b) and 10.32 with 4 wt% C composition,
(a) and from Fig. 11.14 and associated
4 m discussion, Callister 7e.
300 Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig.
10.19; (b) Fig. 9.30;(c) Fig. 10.33;
30 m
and (d) Fig. 10.21, Callister 7e.
200 30 m

100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (ºC/s)
• Processing can change structure
ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel
Chapter 1 - 15
 Types of Materials
• Metals:
– Strong, ductile
– high thermal & electrical conductivity
– opaque, reflective.

• Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding  sharing of e’s

– Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
– thermal & electrical insulators
– Optically translucent or transparent.

• Ceramics: ionic bonding (refractory) – compounds of metallic

& non-metallic elements (oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides)
– Brittle, glassy, elastic
– non-conducting (insulators)

Chapter 1 - 16
 The Materials Selection Process
1. Pick Application Determine required Properties
Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)

Material: structure, composition.

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.

Chapter 1 - 17
 ELECTRICAL
• Electrical Resistivity of Copper:
6 Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister 7e.
t %Ni (Fig. 18.8 adapted from: J.O. Linde,
a
5 3 .32 Ann Physik 5, 219 (1932); and
+ C.A. Wert and R.M. Thomson,
Cu Ni
Resistivity, 

Physics of Solids, 2nd edition,

t%
4 16 a Ni
(10-8 Ohm-m)

McGraw-Hill Company, New York,

+ 2. a t% 1970.)
Cu . 1 2
3 u +1
e d C
ef o rm % N i
d 2 a t
2 .1
u +1
C
1 r e” Cu
“Pu
0
-200 -100 0 T (°C)
• Adding “impurity” atoms to Cu increases resistivity.
• Deforming Cu increases resistivity.
Chapter 1 - 18
 THERMAL
• Space Shuttle Tiles: • Thermal Conductivity
--Silica fiber insulation of Copper:
offers low heat conduction. --It decreases when
Adapted from chapter- you add zinc!
opening photograph,
Chapter 19, Callister 7e.
(Courtesy of Lockheed 400

Thermal Conductivity
Missiles and Space
Company, Inc.)
300

(W/m-K)
200

100
0
0 10 20 30 40
Composition (wt% Zinc)
Adapted from Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister 7e.
Fig. 19.4W, Callister (Fig. 19.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook:
6e. (Courtesy of Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys and
Lockheed Aerospace Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker,
Ceramics Systems, (Managing Editor), American Society for Metals,
Sunnyvale, CA) 1979, p. 315.)
(Note: "W" denotes fig.
100 m is on CD-ROM.) Chapter 1 - 19
 MAGNETIC
• Magnetic Storage: • Magnetic Permeability
--Recording medium vs. Composition:
is magnetized by --Adding 3 atomic % Si
recording head. makes Fe a better
recording medium!

Magnetization
Fe+3%Si

Fe

Magnetic Field
Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and
Fig. 20.23, Callister 7e. A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of
(Fig. 20.23 is from J.U. Lemke, MRS Bulletin, Engineering Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9,
Vol. XV, No. 3, p. 31, 1990.) 1973. Electronically reproduced
by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

Chapter 1 - 20
 OPTICAL
• Transmittance:
--Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque depending on the material structure.

polycrystal: polycrystal:
single crystal low porosity high porosity

Adapted from Fig. 1.2,

Callister 7e.
(Specimen preparation,
P.A. Lessing; photo by S.
Tanner.)

Chapter 1 - 21
 DETERIORATIVE
• Stress & Saltwater... • Heat treatment: slows
--causes cracks! crack speed in salt water!

crack speed (m/s)

10-8 “as-is”
“held at
160ºC for 1 hr
before testing”
10-10 Alloy 7178 tested in
saturated aqueous NaCl
solution at 23ºC

increasing load
Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and
Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505, John
Adapted from chapter-opening photograph, Wiley and Sons, 1996. (Original source: Markus O. Speidel, Brown
Chapter 17, Callister 7e. Boveri Co.)
(from Marine Corrosion, Causes, and
4 m
Prevention, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.)
--material:
7150-T651 Al "alloy"
(Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr)

Adapted from Fig. 11.26,

Callister 7e. (Fig. 11.26 provided courtesy of G.H.
Narayanan and A.G. Miller, Boeing Commercial
Airplane Company.) Chapter 1 - 22
 SUMMARY
Course Goals:
• Use the right material for the job.

• Understand the relation between properties,

structure, and processing.

• Recognize new design opportunities offered

by materials selection.

Chapter 1 - 23